Practical Handbook of Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring Second Editio

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
The Need for Ground-Water Monitoring: Protection of a Resource at Risk......Page 12
Federal Regulatory Mandates for Ground-Water Monitoring......Page 13
Discussion of Ground-Water Quality Standards......Page 41
Comprehensive State Ground-Water Protection Programs......Page 43
References......Page 44
2......Page 46
Introduction......Page 47
Approaches to Environmental Site Characterization......Page 67
Elements of an Environmental Site Characterization Program......Page 90
Field-Based Analytical Technologies......Page 187
References......Page 208
3......Page 218
Characteristics of the Vadose Zone......Page 219
Vadose Zone Monitoring Methods......Page 233
References......Page 255
4......Page 260
Introduction......Page 261
Background......Page 262
Airborne, Surface, and Downhole Geophysics......Page 267
Remote Sensing and Airborne Geophysical Methods......Page 269
Surface Geophysical Methods......Page 272
Downhole Geophysical Measurements......Page 287
Applications of Geophysical Methods......Page 294
Summary......Page 302
References......Page 303
5......Page 308
Introduction......Page 309
Drilling Methods: Drilling without Circulation Fluids......Page 310
Drilling Methods: Drilling with Circulation Fluids......Page 316
Selection of Drilling Methods......Page 324
Soil Sampling......Page 329
Rock Coring......Page 337
Handling Procedures for Soil and Rock Samples......Page 342
Borehole Logging......Page 344
Drilling Contracts......Page 349
Conclusions......Page 353
References......Page 354
6......Page 356
Introduction......Page 358
What Is DP Technology?......Page 359
Advantages and Limitations of DP Technology......Page 361
How DP Technology Is Used......Page 365
What Are DP Systems?......Page 366
Equipment for Advancing DP Rods and Tools......Page 367
DP Rod Systems......Page 374
DP Sampling Methods......Page 378
Applications of DP Technology to Monitor Well Installation......Page 449
Methods for Sealing DP Probe Holes......Page 469
References......Page 474
7......Page 484
Introduction......Page 485
Descriptions of DNAPL Site-Characterization Techniques......Page 486
Cost Analysis......Page 502
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 519
References......Page 523
Introduction......Page 528
Regulatory Concepts in Facility Monitoring......Page 530
Data Analysis Required for Monitoring System Design......Page 536
Separation of Adjacent Monitoring Programs......Page 577
References......Page 582
9......Page 584
Introduction......Page 585
Purpose of Monitoring for Natural Attenuation......Page 587
Types of Monitoring for Natural Attenuation......Page 588
Essential Design Elements of a Monitoring Plan......Page 590
Evaluation and Interpretation of Monitoring Data......Page 610
Contingency Plans......Page 638
Monitoring Duration and Exit Strategies......Page 642
References......Page 645
10......Page 650
Introduction......Page 651
Purposes and Objectives of Monitoring Wells......Page 659
Site Characterization......Page 661
Types of Monitoring Well Completions......Page 668
Borehole and Drilling Impacts on Monitoring Well Installations......Page 678
Design Components of Monitoring Wells......Page 688
References......Page 808
11......Page 818
Introduction......Page 819
Why Three-Dimensional Plume Delineation is Necessary......Page 823
One Time Sampling versus Permanent Multilevel Monitoring Devices......Page 825
Where You Monitor is as Important as How You Monitor......Page 827
Options for Multilevel Ground-Water Monitoring......Page 830
References......Page 856
Introduction......Page 860
Monitoring Well Development......Page 861
Reporting Well Construction Details......Page 877
Monitoring Well Maintenance and Rehabilitation......Page 879
Monitoring Well and Borehole Decommissioning......Page 883
References......Page 892
13......Page 894
Introduction......Page 895
Design Features for Water-Level Monitoring Systems......Page 897
Water-Level Data Acquisition......Page 903
Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation of Water-Level Data......Page 913
References......Page 921
14......Page 924
Introduction......Page 925
Bulk Density......Page 926
Water Content......Page 930
Porosity......Page 932
Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability......Page 934
Direct Measurement of Ground-Water Flow Velocity......Page 951
Transmissivity......Page 955
Compressibility......Page 961
References......Page 964
15......Page 970
Introduction......Page 971
The Science Behind Ground-Water Sampling......Page 972
The Ground-Water Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP): A Road Map to Field Sampling Procedures......Page 998
Example......Page 1064
Conducting a Ground-Water Sampling Event......Page 1097
References......Page 1113
16......Page 1124
Selection of Analytical Parameters......Page 1125
Ground-Water Investigations Governed by a Regulatory Agency......Page 1126
Selection of an Analytical Method......Page 1127
Screening or Diagnostic Tests......Page 1128
Specific Organic Compound Analysis......Page 1129
Specific Constituent Inorganic Analysis......Page 1135
Quality Assurance/Quality Control......Page 1138
References......Page 1145
17......Page 1146
Introduction......Page 1147
Baseline Water Quality......Page 1150
Selection of Indicator Parameters......Page 1151
Analytical Laboratories......Page 1153
Monitoring Site Water Quality......Page 1162
Comparisons of Water Quality......Page 1163
Statistical Treatment of Water-Quality Data......Page 1178
Reporting Water-Quality Data to Agencies......Page 1199
References......Page 1200
Introduction......Page 1204
Sample Space Problems......Page 1205
System Implementation Problems......Page 1207
Program Implementation Problems......Page 1209
Hydrologic Uniformity Problems......Page 1215
Geochemical Interaction Problems......Page 1219
Diagnosis of Monitoring Problems......Page 1223
References......Page 1227
19......Page 1230
Introduction......Page 1231
Health and Safety Planning......Page 1232
Hazard Identification and Classification......Page 1236
Sources of Information......Page 1246
Respiratory Protection......Page 1247
Air Monitoring......Page 1251
Protective Clothing......Page 1255
Site Operations......Page 1257
Decontamination......Page 1261
Medical Monitoring......Page 1263
Applicability of HAZWOPER to Ground-Water Investigations......Page 1265
References......Page 1272
Introduction......Page 1274
Current Status of Equipment Decontamination Protocols......Page 1275
Preparing an Effective Decontamination Protocol for Field Equipment......Page 1276
Quality Assurance/Quality Control Components of Decontamination Protocols......Page 1290
References......Page 1291
Index......Page 1292
Back cover......Page 1330