Practical Biostatistics for Medical and Health Sciences (Aug 22, 2024)_(9819730821)_(Springer)

Preface
Contents
1 Measuring Scales
	1.1 Statistics and Its Applications
	1.2 Type of Data
	1.3 Exercises
2 Tables and Charts
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 How to Construct a Frequency Table
	2.3 Types of Frequencies
	2.4 Features of Table Classification
	2.5 Graphs
	2.6 Exercises
3 Summarizing Data
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
	3.3 Measures of Dispersion
	3.4 The Effect of Constant Changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
	3.5 Exercises
4 Probability
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Definitions
	4.3 Principles of Probability
	4.4 Conditional Probability
	4.5 Bayes’ Theorem
	4.6 Bayes’ Theorem and Epidemiology
	4.7 Odds and Probability
	4.8 Counting Principle
	4.9 Expected Value
	4.10 Exercises
5 Discrete Distributions
	5.1 Introductions
	5.2 Binomial Distribution
	5.3 Multinomial Distribution
	5.4 The Limit of the Binomial Distribution
	5.5 Geometric Distribution
	5.6 Hypergeometric Distribution
	5.7 Poisson Distribution
	5.8 Exercises
6 Normal Distribution
	6.1 Normal Distribution
		6.1.1 Distribution Function and Density Function
		6.1.2 The Properties of the Normal Distribution
	6.2 The Standard Normal Distribution
		6.2.1 Skewness and Kurtosis of Normal Distributions
		6.2.2 Assessing Normality of a Distribution
	6.3 t Distribution
	6.4 Chi-Square Distribution
	6.5 Exercises
7 Sampling and Sample Size
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definitions
	7.3 Sampling Techniques
	7.4 Sample Size
		7.4.1 Sample Size Determination for Estimating a Single Population Mean
		7.4.2 Sample Size Determination to Estimate the Proportion
		7.4.3 Sample Size Determination for Comparing the Mean of Two Populations
		7.4.4 Sample Size Determination to Compare the Proportion of Two Populations
	7.5 Exercises
8 Estimation and Statistical Inference
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Estimation
	8.3 Estimation of the Mean
		8.3.1 Point Estimate of the Mean
		8.3.2 Interval Estimate of the Mean
	8.4 Point and Interval Estimation of a Population Proportion
	8.5 Central Limit Theorem
	8.6 Estimation of Variance and Standard Deviation
	8.7 Exercises
9 Health and Disease Measures
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Difference Between Ratios, Rates, and Proportions
	9.3 Rates
		9.3.1 Incidence
		9.3.2 Prevalence
		9.3.3 Mortality Rate
	9.4 Standardization
		9.4.1 Procedure for Direct Standardization
		9.4.2 Procedure for Indirect Standardization
	9.5 Screening Tests
		9.5.1 Confidence Interval for Screening Tests
	9.6 Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient
		9.6.1 Confidence Interval for Cohen’s Kappa
	9.7 Relative Risk (RR)
	9.8 Odds Ratio (OR)
	9.9 Risk Difference or Excess Risk
	9.10 Exercises
10 Foreground Toolbox for Hypothesis Testing
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Definitions
	10.3 The Steps for Testing Hypotheses
	10.4 Applications of Statistical Tests
	10.5 Common Statistical Tables
11 Hypothesis Testing
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Comparing the Mean of a Population with a Fixed Value
	11.3 Comparing the Mean of Two Populations
	11.4 Comparison of the Mean of the Two Paired Samples
	11.5 Comparing Population Proportion with a Fixed Proportion
	11.6 Comparison the Proportions in Two Independent Groups
	11.7 Testing the Equality of Variance of Two Groups
	11.8 Goodness-Of-Fit Tests
	11.9 Association and Dependence of Variables in Contingency Tables
	11.10 Fisher’s Exact Test for Small Samples
	11.11 Tests of Homogeneity
	11.12 Chi-Squared Test for Trend
	11.13 McNemar’s Test for Paired Proportions
	11.14 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests?
	11.15 How to Present the Results of a Statistical Test
	11.16 Exercises
12 Correlation and Regression
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Correlation
		12.2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.2 Confidence Interval for Pearson Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.3 The Significant Test of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.4 Running Correlation Coefficient on SPSS
		12.2.5 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.6 Confidence Interval for Spearman Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.7 Kendall’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.8 Test Statistic and Confidence Interval for Kendall’s Tau Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.9 Point-Biserial Correlation
		12.2.10 Running Point-Biserial Correlation on SPSS
		12.2.11 Partial Correlation Coefficient
		12.2.12 Comparing Two Correlation Coefficients
		12.2.13 Precautions
	12.3 Regression
		12.3.1 Assumptions for Linear Regression
		12.3.2 Confidence Interval and Significant Test for Regression Coefficient
		12.3.3 Running Simple Linear Regression in SPSS
	12.4 Coefficient of Determination
	12.5 Exercises
13 Analysis of Variance
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Multiple t-Tests or ANOVA
	13.3 Mechanism of ANOVA
	13.4 Commonly Used Definitions in ANOVA
	13.5 Assumptions for One-Way ANOVA
	13.6 Hypotheses in ANOVA
	13.7 The ANOVA Table
	13.8 Running ANOVA on SPSS
	13.9 Identifying Which Means is Different
	13.10 Exercises
Appendix A Selected Statistical Function in Excel
Appendix B Common Statistical Tables
Answer to Exercises
References