Practical Battery Design and Control

Practial Battery Design and Control
	Foreword
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	1
Li-ion Battery Overview and Spec
		1.1 Introduction: Battery History to Li-ion Battery
		1.2 Structure of the Li-ion Battery
		1.3 Intuitive Understanding of Charging/Discharging Mechanisms
			1.3.1  Charging Mechanism
			1.3.2  Discharging Mechanism
			1.3.3  Chemical Reactions During Charge and Discharge
		1.4 Key Innovations to Realize Li-ion Battery
		1.5 Necessary Battery Knowledge to Read a Battery Specification
			1.5.1 Basic Terminologies
			1.5.2 Battery Terminologies
			1.5.3 Battery Charging Spec
			1.5.4 Battery Cycle Life and Storage Life Spec
		1.6 Summary
		1.7 Problems
		References
	2 Application of Electrochemistry to Batteries
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Battery Voltage Science and Application 
			2.2.1 Li-ion Battery Voltage
			2.2.2 Energy Level Difference
			2.2.3 Nernst Equation and Application 
			2.2.4 Standard Potential of Half Reaction
			2.2.5 Li-ion Battery Voltage Science
			2.2.6 Voltage of Future Batteries
		2.3 Application of Electrochemistry to Battery Design
			2.3.1 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis
			2.3.2 Amount of Cathode and Anode Needed
		2.4 Summary
		2.5 Problems
		References
	3
Battery Impedance and Its Impact on Battery Life
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Battery Impedance
			3.2.1 Ohm’s Law and IR Drop
			3.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
			3.2.3 Impedance Measurement Method by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
			3.2.4 AC Impedance and DC Impedance
		3.3 Battery Discharging Characteristics
			3.3.1 Battery Discharging under Various Current Rates
			3.3.2 Battery Discharging at Various Temperatures
			3.3.3 Impedance Dependency on Cycles
		3.4 Usable Battery Capacity
		3.5 Summary
		3.6 Problems
		References
	4
Battery Charging and Impedance Impact
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Li-ion Battery Charging
			4.2.1 Constant Current-Constant Voltage Charging
			4.2.2 IR Jump
			4.2.3 Reason Behind CC-CV Charging
			4.2.4 Charging Time Simulation
		4.3 Fast Battery Charging
			4.3.1 Continuous Fast Charging
			4.3.2 Step Charging
			4.3.3 Fast-Charging Time Simulation
			4.3.4 Four Key Elements for Battery Charging
		4.4 Safe Battery Charging
			4.4.1 Safety Guideline and Design
			4.4.2 Precharge
		4.5 Wireless Charging
			4.5.1 Introduction
			4.5.2 Theory and Structure
			4.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
			4.5.4 Essentials of Wireless Charging for Battery Engineers
		4.6 Summary
		4.7 Problems
		References
	5
Present and Future Batteries
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Introduction of Rechargeable Batteries
			5.1.2 Rechargeable Battery Usage
		5.2 Lead-Acid Battery
			5.2.1 Reactions
			5.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		5.3 Ni-MH Battery
			5.3.1 Reactions
			5.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		5.4 Li-ion Battery
			5.4.1 Cathode and Anode Options
			5.4.2 Details of Cathodes: LCO, NMC, NCA, and LFP
			5.4.3 Details of Anode: Silicon Versus Graphite
			5.4.4 Details of Anode: Lithium Metal
			5.4.5 All-Solid-State Battery
			5.4.6 Details of Anode: LTO
		5.5 Summary
		5.6 Problems
		References
	6
Li-ion Battery Cell/Pack Design and Manufacturing/Recycling Process
		6.1 Inside a Li-ion Battery
			6.1.1 Battery Cell and Pack
			6.1.2 Cell Form Factors
			6.1.3 Battery Cell Structure
			6.1.4 Cell Manufacturing Process
			6.1.5 Thin-Film Battery Manufacturing Process
		6.2 Prevention of Hazardous Situations
			6.2.1 Hazardous Situations
			6.2.2 Battery Swelling
			6.2.3 Safety Protections from Failure Modes
			6.2.4 Quality Inspections
			6.2.5 Safe Battery Tests
		6.3 Battery Pack Configuration
			6.3.1 Series and Parallel
			6.3.2 Impact of Imbalanced Cells
			6.3.3 Shipping Regulations and Battery Certifications
			6.3.4 Authentication
			6.3.5 Communication Protocol to Battery Pack
		6.4 Sustainability and Recycling of Li-ion Batteries
			6.4.1 Recycle
			6.4.2 Reuse
			6.4.3 Reduce
		6.5 Summary
		6.6 Problems
		References
	7
Battery Fuel Gauging Methods
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Voltage Measurement
			7.2.1 Theory
			7.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		7.3 Coulomb Counting
			7.3.1 Theory
			7.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		7.4 Voltage Measurement and Coulomb Counting
			7.4.1 Theory
			7.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		7.5 Impedance Consideration
			7.5.1 Theory
			7.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		7.6 Advanced Fuel Gauging Examples
			7.6.1 OCV Prediction with an Equivalent Circuit Model
			7.6.2 SOC Prediction with Machine Learning
			7.6.3 Power Optimization Considering Battery Impedance
		7.7 State of Health
		7.8 System-Side Fuel Gauge Versus Pack-Side Fuel Gauge
		7.9 Summary
		7.10 Problems
		References
	8
Fuel Cell
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell
			8.2.1 Theory
			8.2.2 Structure
		8.3 Fuel Cell Characteristics
			8.3.1 Current Versus Voltage: I-V Curve
			8.3.2 Current Versus Power: I-P Curve
			8.3.3 Sporadic Current Change and Voltage Response
		8.4 Temperature and Pressure Impacts on Performance
			8.4.1 Application of Nernst Equation to Fuel Cell
			8.4.2 Pressure Impact on Voltage and Performance
			8.4.3 Temperature Impact on Voltage
		8.5 Other Fuel Cells
			8.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
			8.5.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
		8.6 Fuel Cells Comparison to Li-ion Battery
		8.7 Fuel Cell Experiments with a Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Kit
		8.8 Summary
		8.9 Problems
		References
	9
Other Battery-Related Technologies
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Supercapacitors
			9.2.1 Theory
			9.2.2 Structure
			9.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
			9.2.4 Energy Calculation
			9.2.5 Li-ion Capacitor
		9.3 Solar Cell
			9.3.1 Introduction
			9.3.2 Total Energy from the Sun and Efficiency of a Commercial Solar Cell
			9.3.3 Theory
			9.3.4 Structure
			9.3.5 I-V Curve and Maximum Power Point
			9.3.6 Value of Solar Cells on Electric Vehicles
			9.3.7 Transparent Solar Cell
			9.3.8 Other Solar Cell Technologies
		9.4 Energy Harvesting
			9.4.1 Kinetic
			9.4.2 Thermoelectric Generator
			9.4.3 Radio Frequency
		9.5 Heat Transfer
			9.5.1 Heat Transfer Mechanism
			9.5.2 Conduction: Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
			9.5.3 Convection: Newton’s Law of Cooling
			9.5.4 Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Law
			9.5.5 Thermal Modeling and Control
		9.6 Summary
		9.7 Problems
		References
	10
Battery Algorithms for Longevity Estimation and Extension
		10.1 Battery Cycle Life and Shelf Life
			10.1.1 Battery Longevity Spec
			10.1.2 Battery Degradation Mechanism
			10.1.3 Degradation Difference by Battery Voltages
		10.2 Battery Degradation by Temperatures and its Estimation
			10.2.1 Longevity Dependency on Temperature and Arrhenius Equation
			10.2.2 Application of Arrhenius Equation to Estimate Battery Degradation
			10.2.3 Battery Degradation Estimation by Temperature
		10.3 Longevity Extension by Adaptive Charging
			10.3.1 Introduction of Adaptive Charging
			10.3.2 Adaptive Charging by Scheduling Application
			10.3.3 Adaptive Charging Through Overnight Charging: Delayed Charging
			10.3.4 Adaptive Charging by Situations: Situational Charging
		10.4 Summary
		10.5 Problems
		References
	11
Battery Application to Various Systems
		11.1 Wearables
			11.1.1 Battery Usage in Wearables
			11.1.2 Method to Extend Battery Life
		11.2 Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptop PCs
			11.2.1 Battery Usage in Portable Systems
			11.2.2 Method to Avoid Sudden System Shutdown and Extend Battery Life
		11.3 Drones
			11.3.1 Battery Usage in Drones
			11.3.2 Requirements for Drone Batteries
		11.4 IoT Devices
			11.4.1 Example of IoT Batteries
			11.4.2 Batteries for IoT Devices and Consideration in Selection
		11.5 Backup/Stationary Battery
			11.5.1 Examples of Backup/Stationary Battery
			11.5.2 Requirements to Backup/Stationary Battery
		11.6 Batteries for Electric Vehicles
			11.6.1 EV Battery Usage and Requirements
			11.6.2 Algorithms for EV Batteries
		11.7 Key Consideration for Longer Battery Life
		11.8 Summary
		11.9 Problem
		References
	12
AI/Machine-Learning/Deep-Learning Application to Battery Charging
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Difference Between AI, ML, and DL
		12.3 Programming Environment Setup
		12.4 Machine Learning
			12.4.1 ML Example: Regression Problem Case with Algebra
			12.4.2 ML Example: Classification Problem Case
			12.4.3 Other ML Models
		12.5 Deep Learning
			12.5.1 Neural Network and Deep Learning
			12.5.2 DL Applications in the Real World
		12.6 Typical Steps in ML/DL Development
		12.7 Context-Based Battery Charging: ML/DL Application to Extend Battery Longevity
			12.7.1 Introduction
			12.7.2 Procedure of Context-Based Battery Charging
			12.7.3 Results of Context-Based Battery Charging
		12.8 Typical Questions and Answers
		12.9 Summary
		12.10 Problem
		References
	About the Author
	Index