Power System Operation, Utilization, and Control

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1: Synchronous Machines
	1.1 Simplified Models of Cylindrical Rotor (Non-Salient) Synchronous Machines for the Steady-State Condition
	1.2 Power Angle Characteristics
	1.3 Power Angle Characteristics for Salient Pole Synchronous Machines for the Steady-State Condition
	1.4 Per Unit Quantity
	1.5 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators
		1.5.1 Conditions Required for Paralleling
	Problems
Chapter 2: Modeling of Synchronous Generator
	2.1 Importance of Modeling
	2.2 Turbogenerator Identification
	2.3 Thermal Station
	2.4 Turbine Model
	2.5 System Identification
	2.6 Station Description
	2.7 Inertia Constant and Swing Equation
	2.8 Synchronous Generator Modeling Concept in the Power System
	2.9 Excitation System Control
	2.10 Turbine Governor Control
		2.10.1 Prime Mover and Governing System Controls
		2.10.2 Governor/Turbine/Generator Relationship
	2.11 Division of Load Between Generators
	2.12 Amplitude and Frequency Estimation of Power System
		2.12.1 Adaptive Hopf Oscillator
		2.12.2 Power System Signal Modeling
	2.13 Power System Stabilizer
	Problems
Chapter 3: Load Frequency Control
	3.1 Structures of Interconnection System
	3.2 The Turbine Governor
	3.3 Control Loops
	3.4 System Behavior/Single Area
	3.5 The Power-Frequency Characteristic of an Interconnected System
	3.6 System Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity
		3.6.1 Effect of Governor Characteristics
		3.6.2 Frequency-Bias-Tie-Line Control
	3.7 Load Shedding
	Problems
Chapter 4: Voltage and Reactive Power Control
	4.1 Types of Voltage Variation
	4.2 Reactive Power Generation and Absorption
		4.2.1 Synchronous Reactance of Synchronous Generators
		4.2.2 Transformers and Overhead Lines
		4.2.3 Cables
		4.2.4 Loads
	4.3 Relation Between Voltage, Power, and Reactive Power at a Node
	4.4 Methods of Voltage Control
		4.4.1 Injection of Reactive Power
			4.4.1.1 Reactors and Shunt Capacitors
			4.4.1.2 Series Capacitors
			4.4.1.3 Synchronous Compensators
			4.4.1.4 Static Reactive Compensators and Static Synchronous Compensators
		4.4.2 Tap-Modifying Transformers
	4.5 VAR Compensator
	4.6 Objectives of Load Compensation
		4.6.1 Correcting Power Factor
		4.6.2 Controlling Voltage
		4.6.3 Balancing the Load
	4.7 Reactive Power Compensation Types
		4.7.1 Series Capacitor
		4.7.2 Synchronous Capacitors
		4.7.3 Shunt Capacitors
		4.7.4 Shunt Reactors
	4.8 Controls of Switched Shunt Capacitors
	4.9 In Power System Harmonic Distortion
	4.10 Sources of Harmonics
	4.11 Harmonic Measurement
		4.11.1 Distortion Factor
		4.11.2 Telephone Interference Factor
	4.12 Harmonic Reduction Methods
		4.12.1 Shunt Filters
		4.12.2 Filter Sequence
	4.13 Operation of Thyristor-Controlled SVCs
	4.14 SVC Parameters Calculation
		4.14.1 Static VAR Compensator Configurations
		4.14.2 Calculation of the TCR Firing Angle
	4.15 Harmonics Due to SVC Operation
	Problems
Chapter 5: Power System Optimization
	5.1 Optimization Problem
	5.2 Form Changing of Optimization Problem
		5.2.1 Conventional Form
		5.2.2 Standard Form
	5.3 Economic Load Dispatch
	5.4 The Subject of Economic Load Dispatch
	5.5 Thermal Units Characteristics
		5.5.1 Input–Output Characteristic
		5.5.2 Incremental Cost Incremental Cost
	5.6 Economic Load Dispatch Problem Formulation
	5.7 Non-Linear Optimization Problem Using Lagrange Method
	5.8 ELD Problem Solution Regardless of Inequality Constraints
	5.9 Memorize Kuhn–Tucker Conditions for ELD Problems
	5.10 The Lambda-Iteration Method
	5.11 First-Order Gradient Search
	5.12 Second-Order Search
		5.12.1 Second-Order Search Formulation
		5.12.2 Second-Order Search Algorithm
	5.13 Basepoint and Participation Factors Method
	Problems
Chapter 6: Economic Dispatch
	6.1 Economic Dispatch in Power System Networks
	6.2 Fuel Types and Cost
	6.3 Incremental Fuel Cost
	6.4 Optimization Techniques
		6.4.1 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Generator Limits
		6.4.2 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Including Generator Limits
		6.4.3 Economic Dispatch Including Losses
		6.4.4 The B-Coefficient and Algorithms
	6.5 Mathematic Formulation
	6.6 Optimum Power Flow
	6.7 Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Flow Problem
	6.8 Power Loss and Power Flow Control
	6.9 The Optimization Problem
	6.10 Mathematical Formulation of the Optimization Problem
	6.11 Optimization Techniques
		6.11.1 Quadratic Programming
		6.11.2 Linear Programming
		6.11.3 fmincon Function
	6.12 Optimal Power Flow
		6.12.1 Mathematical Formulation of the OPF Problem
		6.12.2 Classification of the OPF Algorithms Solution
		6.12.3 Comparison of the OPF Algorithms Solution Classes
	6.13 Non-Linear Function Optimization
	6.14 Hydrothermal Coordination
	6.15 Different Types of Hydro-Scheduling
	6.16 Scheduling Energy
	Problems
Chapter 7: Unit Commitment
	7.1 UC Problem Formulation
	7.2 Dynamic Programming Method
	7.3 Unit Commitment Problem Method
		7.3.1 Feasibility of Load Supply and Generation Limits
		7.3.2 Spinning Reserve
	7.4 Unit Commitment Time Consideration
		7.4.1 Minimum Up Time
		7.4.2 Crew Constraints
		7.4.3 Starting Cost
	7.5 Unit Commitment Solution Methods
	7.6 Economic Dispatch vs. Unit Commitment
	Problems
Chapter 8: Power Systems State Estimation
	8.1 General State Estimation Definition and Functions
	8.2 Energy Management System
	8.3 Importance of State Estimators in Power Systems
	8.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and Phasor Measurement Units
	8.5 Estimators of State in Practical Implementation
	8.6 Methods of State Estimation
		8.6.1 Maximum Likelihood Method
		8.6.2 Weighted Least Squares Method
		8.6.3 Minimum Variation
	8.7 Detection and Identification of Erroneous Data
		8.7.1 Identifying Bad Data
		8.7.2 Bad Data Detection in the Weighted Least Square Approach
		8.7.3 Identification and Removal of Bad Data
	8.8 Techniques of State Estimation for Non-Linear  Systems
		8.8.1 Classical Kalman Filter
		8.8.2 Non-Linear Kalman Filter Methods
		8.8.3 The Extended Kalman Filter Method
		8.8.4 The Unscented Kalman Filter Method
	Problems
Chapter 9: Load Forecasting
	9.1 Load Forecasting Solution Techniques
	9.2 Load Curves and Factors
		9.2.1 Important Terms and Factors
	9.3 Load Duration Curve
	9.4 Load Curves and Selection of the Number and Sizes of the Generation Units
	9.5 Prediction of Load and Energy Requirements
	9.6 Additive Seasonal
	9.7 The Additive Seasonal Architecture
	9.8 Forecasting Modeling
		9.8.1 The Regression Models
		9.8.2 Brown’s Smoothing Method
		9.8.3 Load Forecasting Using the Additive Seasonal Model
		9.8.4 Trend Model
		9.8.5 Load Forecasting Using Quadratic Regression
	Problems
Appendix A
	A.1 MATLAB Windows
	A.2 MATLAB Basics
	A.3 Using MATLAB to Plot
	A.4 Basic Commands of MATLAB in Discrete Systems
	A.5 MATLAB/Simulink
Bibliography
Index