Power System Load Flow Analysis

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
Chapter 1. System Representation......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 The Per-Unit System......Page 23
1.3 Per-Unit Transformer Representation......Page 25
1.4 Per-Unit Power System Representation......Page 27
Chapter 2. The Load-Flow Problem......Page 32
2.1 Physical Statement of the Problem......Page 34
2.2 Mathematical Statement of the Problem......Page 35
2.3 Representation of System Elements......Page 38
Chapter 3. Reference System......Page 40
3.3 Formulation of SystemAdmittance Matrix......Page 42
Chapter 4. Jacobi Method......Page 46
4.2 Development of the Algorithm......Page 48
4.3 Jacobi Method Solution for Reference System......Page 51
Chapter 5. Gauss-Seidel Method......Page 56
5.2 Development of the Algorithm......Page 58
5.3 Gauss-Seidel Solution for Reference System......Page 60
5.4 Acceleration......Page 62
Chapter 6. Z-Matrix Methods......Page 66
6.2 Development of the Method......Page 68
6.3 Z-Matrix Method: Algorithm for Block Substitution......Page 70
6.4 Z-Matrix (Block Substitution) Solution for Reference System......Page 72
6.6 Z-Matrix {Forward Substitution) Solution for Reference System......Page 75
Chapter 7. Newton-Raphson Methods......Page 82
7.1 Solution of Equation y = f(x)......Page 84
7.2 Solution of Multivariable Nonlinear Equations......Page 85
7.3 Newton-Raphson andthe Load-Flow Problem......Page 87
Chapter 8. Newton-Raphson Method Using Cartesian Coordinates......Page 90
8.1 Development of the Algorithm......Page 92
8.2 Newton-Raphson (CartesianCoordinates) Solution for Reference System......Page 95
Chapter 9. Newton-Raphson Method Using Polar Coordinates......Page 102
9.1 Development of the Algorithm......Page 104
9.2 Newton-Raphson {Polar Coordinates)Solution for Reference System......Page 111
Chapter 10. Fast Decoupled Method......Page 116
10.1 Introduction......Page 118
10.3 Development of the Fast Decoupled Method......Page 120
10.5 Fast Decoupled Solutionfor Reference System......Page 123
Chapter 11. DC Load Flow......Page 130
11.1 Introduction......Page 132
11.2 Development of the Method......Page 133
11.4 DC Load-Flow Solutionfor Reference System......Page 135
Chapter 12. Voltage Control (1 ): Generators......Page 138
12.2 Performance of a Synchronous Machine......Page 140
12.3 Generator Representationin the Load-Flow Problem......Page 144
12.4 Solution for Reference SystemIncluding a Generator Busbar......Page 146
Chapter 13. Voltage Control (2): On-Load Tap-Changing Contents ix(OLTC) Transformers......Page 152
13.1 Introduction......Page 154
13.2 Development of Transformer Equivalent Circuit for Tap Changing......Page 155
13.3 Transformer Tap Changing: Illustrative Example......Page 158
13.4 Changes in Admittance Matrix Resulting from Tap Changing......Page 159
13.5 Tap Changing within the Load-Flow Process......Page 162
13.6 Reference System Including OLTC Transformers......Page 164
13. 7 Gauss-Seidel Solutionfor Modified Reference System......Page 166
Chapter 14. Results Output......Page 170
14.2 Original Reference System......Page 172
14.3 Reference System Including Generator......Page 176
14.4 Reference System Including OLTC Transformers......Page 178
Chapter 15. Solution Difficulties......Page 180
15.2 Common Considerations......Page 182
15.3 Starting Conditions......Page 185
Appendix......Page 188
References......Page 192
Further Reading......Page 194
Index......Page 196