Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Title
Power System AnalysisOperation and Control
FOURTH EDITION
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Structure of a Power System
	1.2 Power System Representation
	1.2.1 Per Unit (P.U.) Representation
	1.3 Power System at Normal Operating State
	Exercises
Chapter 2: Electrical Energy Generation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.1.1 Electrical Energy and Power
	2.2 Thermal Power Generation
	2.2.1 Principal Flow Circuits
	2.2.2 Principal Component of a Thermal Power Plant and their Use
	2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant
	2.3.1 Advantages
	2.3.2 Disadvantages
	2.4 Selection of Site for Thermal Power Plants
	2.5 Hydroelectric Power Plants
	2.5.1 Main Components of Hydroelectric Power Plant
	2.6 Advantage and disadvantages of Hydroelectric Plants
	2.6.1 Advantages
	2.6.2 Disadvantages
	2.7 Selection of Site for Hydroelectric Plants
	2.8 Nuclear Power Generation
	2.8.1 Principal Components of a Reactor
	2.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plant
	2.9.1 Advantages
	2.9.2 Disadvantages
	2.10 Selection of Site for Nuclear Power Plants
	2.11 Gas Turbine Plant
	2.12 Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation
	2.12.1 Wind Energy
	2.12.2 Solar Energy
	2.12.3 Tidal Energy
	2.12.4 Geothermal Energy
	2.12.5 Biomass Energy
	2.12.6 Magneto Hydrodynamic Electricity Generation (MHD
	2.13 Distributed Generation
	2.14 Cogeneration
	2.15 Commonly Used Terms
	Exercises
Chapter 3: Transmission Line Parameters
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conductors
	3.3 Line Resistance
	3.4 Skin Effect
	3.5 Line Inductance
	3.6 Inductance of a Conductor
	3.6.1 Inductance of a Conductor Due to Internal Flux
	3.6.2 Inductance of a Conductor Due to External Flux
	3.7 Inductance of a Single Phase Two-wire Line
	3.8 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
	3.9 Inductance of Three Phase Lines
	3.9.1 Symmetrical Spacing
	3.9.2 Unsymmetrical Spacing and Transposition
	3.10 Inductance of Double-Circuit Three Phase Lines
	3.11 Computation of Inductance for Bundled Conductors
	3.12 Potential Difference between Two Points Due to a Charge
	3.13 Capacitance of a Two Wire Line (Line Capacitance
	3.14 Potential Difference between Two Conductor of a Group of Charged Conductor
	3.15 Capacitance of Three Phase Lines
	3.16 Charging Current Due to Capacitance
	3.17 Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Line
	3.18 Capacitance of Three Phase Lines with More Than One Circuit
	3.18.1 Capacitance of a Three Phase Double Circuit Line with Symmetrical Spacing
	3.18.2 Capacitance of a Three Phase Double Circuit Line with Unsymmetrical
 Spacing (Thoroughly Transposed
	3.19 Capacitance of Bundled Conductors
	Exercises
Chapter 4: Steady State Performance and Operation of Transmission Lines
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Characterisation of a Transmission Line
	4.3 Types of Power Transmission Lines
	4.4 Network Model for Transmission Line with Lumped Parameter Concept
	4.5 Short Transmission Line Model
	4.6 Voltage Regulation of a Short Line
	4.7 Efficiency of Transmission for a Short Line
	4.8 Representation of Medium Line
	4.9 Long Transmission Line Model and Governing Equation
	4.10 Evaluation of ABCD Constants
	4.11 Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line
	4.12 Ferranti Effect
	4.13 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL
	4.14 Power Flow in Transmission Line
	4.15 Power Circle Diagram
	4.16 Reactive Power and Voltage Control in a Transmission Line
	4.17 Reactive Power (VAR) Generators and Load Bus Voltage Compensation
	4.18 Line Compensation
	4.19 Shunt Compensation
	4.20 Series Compensation
	4.21 Shunt and Series Compensation Combined
	Exercises
Chapter 5: Line Insulators
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Insulator Materials
	5.2.1 Porcelain
	5.2.2 Glass
	5.2.3 Steatite
	5.2.4 Composite Insulator
	5.3 Types of Insulators
	5.3.1 Pin Type Insulators
	5.3.2 Suspension Type Insulators
	5.3.3 Strain Type Insulators
	5.3.4 Shackle Type Insulators
	5.4 Potential Distribution over a String of Suspension Type Insulators
	5.5 String efficiency (h
	5.6 Methods of Improving String Efficiency
	5.6.1 Selection of a
	5.6.2 Grading of Units
	5.6.3 Guard Ring
	5.7 Insulation Failure
	5.8 Bushing
	5.9 Testing of Insulators
	5.10 Arcing Horn
	Exercises
Chapter 6: Power Cables
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Types of Cables
	6.2.1 Low Tension (LT) Cables
	6.2.2 High Tension (HT) Cables
	6.2.3 Super Tension (ST) Cables
	6.2.4 Extra High Tension (EHT) Cables
	6.3 General Construction of Power Cables
	6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Cables over Overhead
 Transmission Lines
	6.5 Insulation Resistance of Power Cables
	6.6 Capacitance and Insulation Stress in Cables
	6.7 Sheathing and Grading in Cables
	6.7.1 Use of Intersheaths
	6.7.2 Capacitance Grading
	6.8 Power Factor of Cables
	6.9 Capacitance of a Three Phase Cable
	6.10 Heating of Cables
	6.10.1 Generation of Heat within the Cable
	6.11 Breakdown of Cables
	6.12 Selection of Cables
	Exercises
Chapter 7: Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Line Supports
	7.2.1 Wooden Poles
	7.2.2 Reinforced Concrete Poles
	7.2.3 Tubular Steel Poles
	7.2.4 Latticed Steel Towers
	7.3 Conductor Materials
	7.4 Calculation of Sag
	7.4.1 Supports at Same Level
	7.4.2 Supports at Different Levels
	7.5 Stringing Chart
	Exercises
Chapter 8: Corona
	8.1 Mechanism of Corona
	8.2 Concept of Electric Stress for Corona Discharge
	8.3 Corona Discharge and Critical Voltages
	8.4 Power Loss Due to Corona
	8.5 Factors Affecting Corona Loss
	8.6 Radio Interference of Corona
	8.7 Methods of Reducing Corona
	Exercises
Chapter 9: Transient Analysis and Wave Propagation in Transmission Lines
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Approximate Representation of a Transmission Line in Transient Study
	9.3 Concept of Infinite Line
	9.4 Expression of Characteristics Impedance of a Short Line in Terms of
 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Parameters
	9.5 Propagation Constant, Attenuation Constant and Phase Shift Constants of
 Transmission Line
	9.6 Wavelength and Velocity of Propagation
	9.7 Differential Equation for the Propagation Waves in a Uniform Line
	9.8 Evaluation of Surge Impedance
	9.9 Velocity of Propagation of Travelling Waves
	9.10 Analytical Expression for Voltage and Current of a Line at any Point of
 Length “X” from the Sending End
	9.11 Reflection at Load
	9.12 Reflection from Terminal Inductance
	9.13 Reflection from Terminal Capacitance
	9.14 Concept of Standing Wave and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
	9.15 Relation between VSWR and Reflection Coefficient K
	9.16 Repeated Reflections—Bewley’s Lattice (Zigzag) Diagram
	9.17 Reflection and Transmission at Junction of Two Dissimilar Lines
	Exercises
Chapter 10: Load Flow Study
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nodal Method for Development of [YBus
	10.3 Modelling of a Transmission Line Due to Presence of Regulating Transformer
 between Two Buses
	10.4 Formation of [YBus] with Transformer Present in the Line
	10.4.1 Algorithm for Development of [YBus] by Nodal Method with or without
 Transformer
	10.5 Analytical Formulation of Load Flow Solution
	10.6 Gauss-Seidal (G-S) Method of Power Flow
	10.6.1 Algorithm to Calculate Bus Voltages by G-S Method of Power Flow
	10.7 Calculation of Line Power Flow
	10.7.1 Algorithm to Calculate Line Power Flow, Line Loss and Slack Bus Power
	10.8 Newton-Raphson (N-R) Method
	10.8.1 Review of Newton-Raphson Method
	10.8.2 Application Procedure of N-R Method of Solution for Two Non-linear
 Equations with Two Unknowns
	10.8.3 Application Procedure of N-R Method for Solving 2n Equations
	10.9 Application of N-R Method in Power Flow Studies
	10.10 Application of N-R Method to Solve Power Flow Equations in Rectangular Form
	10.10.1 Algorithm to Calculate Bus Voltages in Rectangular Form by
 N-R Method of Power Flow
	10.11 Application of N-R Method to Solve Power Flow Equation in Polar Form
	10.11.1 Algorithm to Calculate Bus Voltages in Polar Form by N-R Method
 of Power Flow
	10.12 Discussion about N-R Method
	10.13 Application Aspect of N-R Method in Multi-bus System
	10.14 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF
	10.14.1 Algorithm to Calculate Bus Voltages by Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method
	10.15 DC Load Flow
	10.15.1 Algorithm to Calculate Bus Voltages by DC Load Flow Method
	Exercises
Chapter 11: Economic Operation
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Input-Output (I-O) Operational Characteristics of Conventional Thermal
 Generating Plants
	11.2.1 Input-Output (I-O) Operational Characteristics of Hydel Power Plant
	11.2.2 Incremental Fuel Rate Curves
	11.2.3 Incremental Fuel Cost (IFR) Curve
	11.3 Constraints in Economic Operation of Power System
	11.3.1 Primary Constraints
	11.3.2 Secondary Constraints
	11.4 Economic Operation of Ideal Thermal Plants (without Considering Electrical
 System Loss
	11.5 Transmission Loss Allocation and its Analytical Model
	11.6 Economic Dispatch with Transmission Loss Considered
	11.7 Hydrothermal Scheduling
	11.7.1 Long Range Hydro-thermal Scheduling
	11.7.2 Short Range Hydrothermal Scheduling
	11.7.3 Hydro-thermal Scheduling of Pumped Storage Plants
	Exercises
Chapter 12: EHV AC and HVDC Power Transmission
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Necessity for EHV AC Power Transmission
	12.3 Problems with EHV AC Power Transmission
	12.4 Aspects of EHV AC Power Transmission
	12.5 HVDC Transmission—Advantages and Disadvantages
	12.6 HVDC System Configuration
	12.7 Principal Components of HVDC System
	12.8 HVDC Converter Expressions
	12.8.1 Expression of Average Load Voltage and Current
	12.8.2 HVDC Valve Current Relations
	12.8.3 Transformer Currents
	12.9 Six Pulse Double Star Circuit of Three Phase Converter
	12.10 Twelve Pulse Circuits
	12.11 Comparison between Three Pulse and Six Pulse Operation
	12.12 Selection of Converter Circuits
	12.13 Effect of Source Inductance on Three Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
	12.14 Discussion about Rectifier Transformer Ratings
	12.14.1 VA Rating of Converter Transformer
	12.14.2 VA Rating of Valve
	12.15 Inversion
	12.16 Control of HVDC System
	12.16.1 Basic Principles of Control
	12.16.2 Basic Means of Control
	12.16.3 Basis for Selection of Controls
	12.16.4 Control Characteristics
	12.16.5 A Review of Basic Control Principles
	12.17 Modelling of HVDC System
	12.17.1 Expressions of Power at the Rectifier and Inverter End of HVDC Link
	12.17.2 Representation of Power-flow
	12.18 AC/DC Interface at the Grid Side
	Exercises
Chapter 13: Power System Stability
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Types of Stability
	13.3 Transient Stability
	13.3.1 Representation of Transmission Lines, Loads and Generators in
 Transient Stability
	13.3.2 Assumptions for Transient Stability Study
	13.3.3 Derivation of Swing Equation
	13.3.4 Swing Equation for Synchronous Machine Connected to Infinite Bus
	13.3.5 Swing Equation for a Two Machine System
	13.3.6 Linearization of Swing Equation
	13.3.7 Swing Equation of Non-coherent and Coherent Machines
	13.4 Equal Area Criterion
	13.5 Interpretation of Equal Area Criterion
	13.6 Critical Clearing Angle and Its Expression
	13.7 Application of Equal Area Criterion to Transient Stability of Synchronous Motor
	13.8 Methods of Improving Transient Stability
	13.8.1 Electrical Braking
	13.8.2 Effect of Voltage Regulators
	13.8.3 Fast Governor Action
	13.9 Solution of Swing Equation
	13.9.1 Step by Step Method
	13.9.2 Modified Euler’s Method
	13.9.3 Runge–Kutta Method
	13.10 Swing Equation for a Multi-machine System
	13.11 Steady State Stability
	Exercises
Chapter 14: Power System Faults
	14.1 Introduction
	14.1.1 Calculation of p.u. Quantities for Single Phase System
	14.1.2 Calculation of p.u. Quantities for Three Phase System
	14.1.3 Conversion from One Base to Another Base
	14.2 Symmetrical Three Phase Fault Analysis
	14.2.1 Limiting Factors of Fault Current
	14.2.2 Fault Level Calculations
	14.3 Three Phase Sudden Short Circuit of an Unloaded Alternator
	14.4 Symmetrical Components
	14.5 Three Phase Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
	14.6 Sequence Model of an Unloaded Alternator
	14.7 Sequence Networks of a Transformer
	14.7.1 Star-star Connection with Both Neutral Grounded
	14.7.2 Star-star Connection with Only One Neutral Grounded
	14.7.3 Star-star Connection with Ungrounded Neutral
	14.7.4 Star-delta Connection with Neutral Grounded
	14.7.5 Star-delta Connection with Ungrounded Neutral
	14.7.6 Delta-delta Connection
	14.8 Sequence Network of Transmission Lines
	14.9 Reactor Control of Short Circuit Currents
	14.9.1 Generator Reactors
	14.9.2 Feeder Reactors
	14.9.3 Bus Bar Reactors
	14.10 Consideration of Prefault Load Current
	14.11 Unsymmetrical Faults
	14.11.1 Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault
	14.11.2 Line to Line (LL) Fault
	14.11.3 Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault
	14.12 Effect of Neutral Grounding on Fault Current
	14.13 Open Conductor Faults
	14.13.1 Single Conductor Open Fault
	14.13.2 Two Conductors Open Fault
	Exercises
Chapter 15: Power System Passive Compensation
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Objectives of Load compensation
	15.2.1 Power Factor Correction
	15.2.2 Improving Voltage Regulation
	15.2.3 Balancing of Load
	15.3 Transmission Line Compensation
	15.4 Passive Compensators
	15.4.1 Static Shunt Reactor
	15.4.2 Uniformly Distributed Shunt Compensation
	15.4.3 Shunt Compensation at Middle of the Line Using Dynamic Compensator
	15.4.4 Series Capacitor Compensation
	15.4.5 Comparison between Series and Shunt Compensation
	Exercises
Appendix (Test System
Bibliography
Index
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