Power System Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Half-title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Dedication Page......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 18
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation......Page 22
CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 26
Case Study: The Future Beckons: Will the Electric Power Industry Heed the Call?......Page 27
1.1: History of Electric Power Systems......Page 35
1.2: Present and Future Trends......Page 42
1.3: Electric Utility Industry Structure......Page 46
1.4: Computers in Power System Engineering......Page 47
1.5: PowerWorld Simulator......Page 49
CHAPTER 2: Fundamentals......Page 56
Case Study: Making Microgrids Work......Page 57
2.1: Phasors......Page 71
2.2: Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits......Page 72
2.3: Complex Power......Page 78
2.4: Network Equations......Page 83
2.5: Balanced Three-Phase Circuits......Page 85
2.6: Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits......Page 93
2.7: Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase Versus Single-Phase Systems......Page 99
CHAPTER 3: Power Transformers......Page 115
Case Study: PJM Manages Aging Transformer Fleet......Page 116
3.1: The Ideal Transformer......Page 121
3.2: Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers......Page 127
3.3: The Per-Unit System......Page 133
3.4: Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift......Page 141
3.5: Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers......Page 146
3.6: Three-Winding Transformers......Page 151
3.7: Autotransformers......Page 155
3.8: Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios......Page 156
CHAPTER 4: Transmission Line Parameters......Page 184
Case Study: Transmission Line Conductor Design Comes of Age......Page 185
Case Study: Six Utilities Share Their Perspectives on Insulators......Page 189
4.1: Transmission Line Design Considerations......Page 194
4.2: Resistance......Page 199
4.3: Conductance......Page 202
4.4: Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor......Page 203
4.5: Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing......Page 208
4.6: Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors......Page 210
4.7: Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return......Page 218
4.8: Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor......Page 224
4.9: Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing......Page 226
4.10: Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors......Page 229
4.11: Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return......Page 232
4.12: Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level......Page 237
4.13: Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines......Page 240
CHAPTER 5: Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation......Page 258
Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies......Page 259
5.1: Medium and Short Line Approximations......Page 273
5.2: Transmission-Line Differential Equations......Page 279
5.3: Equivalent p Circuit......Page 285
5.4: Lossless Lines......Page 287
5.5: Maximum Power Flow......Page 296
5.6: Line Loadability......Page 298
5.7: Reactive Compensation Techniques......Page 302
CHAPTER 6: Power Flows......Page 319
Case Study: Future Vision......Page 320
Case Study: Characteristics of Wind Turbine Generators for Wind Power Plants......Page 330
6.1: Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination......Page 336
6.2: Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel......Page 340
6.3: Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton–Raphson......Page 346
6.4: The Power-Flow Problem......Page 350
6.5: Power-Flow Solution by Gauss–Seidel......Page 356
6.6: Power-Flow Solution by Newton–Raphson......Page 359
6.7: Control of Power Flow......Page 368
6.8: Sparsity Techniques......Page 374
6.9: Fast Decoupled Power Flow......Page 377
6.10: The ‘‘DC’’ Power Flow......Page 378
6.11: Power-Flow Modeling of Wind Generation......Page 379
Design Projects 1–5......Page 391
CHAPTER 7: Symmetrical Faults......Page 404
Case Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Power Distribution Systems......Page 405
7.1: Series R–L Circuit Transients......Page 407
7.2: Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine......Page 410
7.3: Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits......Page 414
7.4: Bus Impedance Matrix......Page 417
7.5: Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection......Page 425
Design Project 4 (continued)......Page 442
CHAPTER 8: Symmetrical Components......Page 444
Case Study: Circuit Breakers Go High Voltage......Page 445
8.1: Definition of Symmetrical Components......Page 453
8.2: Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads......Page 458
8.3: Sequence Networks of Series Impedances......Page 466
8.4: Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines......Page 468
8.5: Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines......Page 470
8.6: Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers......Page 476
8.7: Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers......Page 481
8.8: Power in Sequence Networks......Page 484
CHAPTER 9: Unsymmetrical Faults......Page 496
Case Study: Fires at U.S. Utilities......Page 497
9.1: System Representation......Page 498
9.2: Single Line-to-Ground Fault......Page 503
9.3: Line-to-Line Fault......Page 508
9.4: Double Line-to-Ground Fault......Page 510
9.5: Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices......Page 517
Design Project 4 (continued)......Page 537
Design Project 6......Page 538
CHAPTER 10: System Protection......Page 541
Case Study: The Future of Power Transmission......Page 543
10.1: System Protection Components......Page 550
10.2: Instrument Transformers......Page 551
10.3: Overcurrent Relays......Page 558
10.4: Radial System Protection......Page 562
10.5: Reclosers and Fuses......Page 566
10.6: Directional Relays......Page 570
10.7: Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays......Page 571
10.8: Zones of Protection......Page 572
10.9: Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays......Page 576
10.10: Di¤erential Relays......Page 582
10.11: Bus Protection with Differential Relays......Page 584
10.12: Transformer Protection with Differential Relays......Page 585
10.13: Pilot Relaying......Page 590
10.14: Digital Relaying......Page 591
CHAPTER 11: Transient Stability......Page 604
Case Study: Real-Time Dynamic Security Assessment......Page 606
11.1: The Swing Equation......Page 615
11.2: Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents......Page 621
11.3: The Equal-Area Criterion......Page 623
11.4: Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation......Page 633
11.5: Multimachine Stability......Page 638
11.6: A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model......Page 646
11.7: Wind Turbine Machine Models......Page 650
11.8: Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability......Page 657
CHAPTER 12: Power System Controls......Page 664
Case Study: Overcoming Restoration Challenges Associated with Major Power System Disturbances......Page 667
12.1: Generator-Voltage Control......Page 677
12.2: Turbine-Governor Control......Page 682
12.3: Load-Frequency Control......Page 688
12.4: Economic Dispatch......Page 692
12.5: Optimal Power Flow......Page 705
CHAPTER 13: Transmission Lines: Transient Operation......Page 715
Case Study: VariSTAR8 Type AZE Surge Arresters......Page 716
Case Study: Change in the Air......Page 719
13.1: Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines......Page 732
13.2: Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines......Page 735
13.3: Bewley Lattice Diagram......Page 744
13.4: Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements......Page 749
13.5: Lossy Lines......Page 756
13.6: Multiconductor Lines......Page 760
13.7: Power System Overvoltages......Page 763
13.8: Insulation Coordination......Page 770
CHAPTER 14: POWER DISTRIBUTION......Page 782
Case Study: The Path of the Smart Grid......Page 783
14.1: Introduction to Distribution......Page 795
14.2: Primary Distribution......Page 797
14.3: Secondary Distribution......Page 805
14.4: Transformers in Distribution Systems......Page 810
14.5: Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems......Page 820
14.6: Distribution Software......Page 825
14.7: Distribution Reliability......Page 826
14.8: Distribution Automation......Page 829
14.9: Smart Grids......Page 832
Appendix......Page 839
B......Page 843
C......Page 844
E......Page 845
I......Page 846
L......Page 847
P......Page 848
S......Page 850
T......Page 851
Z......Page 853