Power Swing Detection and Generator Out-of-Step Protection Under Renewable Power Source Integration

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Symbols
1 Introduction
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Literature Review
		1.2.1 Literature Review on Most Recent Work
		1.2.2 Literature Review on Different Methods of Out-of-Step Protection
		1.2.3 Literature Review on Impact of Renewable Power Sources on Protective Relays
	1.3 Conclusion
	References
2 Power Swings with Distance Relay and PMU
	2.1 Mathematical Analysis of the Research Problem
	2.2 Phasor Measurement Unit and WAMS
	2.3 Power Swing Detection and Out-of-Step Detection Technique
		2.3.1 Double Blinder Based Technique
		2.3.2 Distance Relay and Out-of-Step Relay for Power Swing Blocking
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3 Protection of Synchronous Generator
	3.1 Class of Generator Protection
		3.1.1 Class A
		3.1.2 Class B
		3.1.3 Class C
	3.2 Faults and Abnormal Conditions with Its Protection
		3.2.1 Insulation Failure of the Stator Winding
		3.2.2 Insulation Failure of the Rotor Winding
		3.2.3 Uneven Loading
		3.2.4 Field Failure
		3.2.5 Prime Mover Failure
		3.2.6 Over Load Protection
		3.2.7 Over Voltage Protection
		3.2.8 Over Speed Protection
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
4 Adaptive Out-of-Step Protection of Synchronous Generator
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Mathematical Analysis of Proposed Out-of-Step Protection Scheme
	4.3 Proposed PMU-Incorporated Polygon-Shaped Out-of-Step Protection Scheme
	4.4 Implementation and Testing of the Proposed Algorithm
		4.4.1 Event-1: Fault Remove Before CCT
		4.4.2 Event-2: Fault Remove After the CCT
	4.5 Testing of Proposed Technique for LG, LL Faults and Swing …
	4.6 Performance Test of the Proposed Algorithm
		4.6.1 Test Under Different Level of Renewable Power Penetration
		4.6.2 Test Using Real Physical System
	4.7 Comparison of the Proposed Relaying Algorithm with Existing Ones
	4.8 Limitation of the Method
	4.9 Results and Discussion
	References
5 Predictive Out of Step Protection
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Modeling of Synchronous Generator with the Turbine, Exciter …
	5.3 Power Swing Detection Method
		5.3.1 Repetitiveness
		5.3.2 Continuation
		5.3.3 Regularity
		5.3.4 Impedance Travel Through Outer to Inner Layer
	5.4 Out of Step Protection of Synchronous Generator
		5.4.1 Swing Center Appear in the Middle of the Transmission Line Section
		5.4.2 Swing Center Arise Near the Generator Transformer
	5.5 Comparison with Existing Methodology
	5.6 Results and Discussion
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6 Wavelet Transform and Deep Learning Machine Model-Based Out-of-Step Relay
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The System and Power Swing Conditions
	6.3 Development of the Proposed Algorithm
		6.3.1 Training Data Selection and Pre-processing
		6.3.2 Design of the Mathematical Structure of Deep Learning Neural Network
		6.3.3 The Design of the Proposed Relaying Algorithm
		6.3.4 Training, Validation, and Testing
	6.4 Performance Validation by Unknown Events
		6.4.1 Test Using Unknown Data of Different Fault Location
	6.5 Development and Performance on a 29-Bus System
	6.6 Comparison of the Proposed Algorithm
	6.7 Discussions
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
7 Out-of-Step Protection Schemes Summary and Future Scope
	7.1 Out-of-Step Protection Schemes Summary
	7.2 Future Scope
Appendix A Kundur Two-Area System
Appendix B Type-IV Wind Turbine System Parameter for Modified Kundur Two-Area System
Appendix C Indian Grid System's Data
Appendix D A 29-Bus Hydro-Quebec System