Power-plant control and instrumentation: the control of boilers and HRSG systems

Front Matter......Page 2
Diagrammatic Symbols......Page 8
Abbreviations and Terms Used in this Book......Page 9
Preface......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 12
1.1 Why an Understanding of Steam is Needed......Page 15
1.2 Boiling: the Change of State from Water to Steam......Page 16
1.3 The Nature of Steam......Page 18
1.4 Thermal Efficiency......Page 23
1.5 The Gas Turbine and Combined-Cycle Plants......Page 24
1.7 References......Page 26
2.1 Steam Generation and Use......Page 27
2.2 The Steam Turbine......Page 29
2.3 The Condensate and Feed-Water System......Page 31
2.5 The Water and Steam Circuits of HRSG Plant......Page 35
2.6 Summary......Page 37
3.1 The Furnace......Page 38
3.2 The Air and Gas Circuits......Page 40
3.3 Fuel Systems......Page 48
3.4 Igniter Systems......Page 57
3.5 Burner-Management Systems......Page 58
3.7 Summary......Page 59
3.8 References......Page 60
4.1 Nature of the Demand......Page 61
4.2 Setting the Demand in Power-Station Applications......Page 62
4.3 The Master Demand in a Power-Station Application......Page 65
4.4 Load Demand in Combined Heat and Power Plants......Page 71
4.5 Waste-to-Energy Plants......Page 72
4.6 Summary......Page 73
5. Combustion and Draught Control......Page 74
5.1 The Principles of Combustion Control......Page 75
5.2 Working with Multiple Fuels......Page 90
5.3 The Control of Coal Mills......Page 92
5.4 Draught Control......Page 102
5.5 Binary Control of the Combustion System......Page 106
5.7 References......Page 111
6.2 One, Two and Three-Element Control......Page 113
6.3 Measuring and Displaying the Drum Level......Page 122
6.4 The Mechanisms Used for Feed-Water Control......Page 131
6.5 Pumps......Page 137
6.6 De-Aerator Control......Page 141
6.7 Summary......Page 144
7.1 Why Steam-Temperature Control is Needed......Page 145
7.2 The Spray-Water Attemperator......Page 146
7.3 Temperature Control with Tilting Burners......Page 160
7.4 Controlling the Temperature of Reheated Steam......Page 161
7.6 Summary......Page 162
8.1 A Typical DCS Configuration......Page 163
8.2 Interconnections Between the Systems......Page 167
8.3 Equipment Selection and Environment......Page 168
8.4 Mechanical Factors and Ergonomics......Page 169
8.6 Hydraulic Actuators......Page 178
8.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 179
8.9 Reliability of Systems......Page 182
8.10 Summary......Page 190
8.11 References......Page 191
9.2 Defining the Requirements......Page 192
9.3 The KKS Equipment Identification System......Page 195
9.4 Summary......Page 204
9.5 References......Page 205
10. Upgrading and Refurbishment Systems......Page 206
10.1 The Reasons Behind the Changes......Page 207
10.2 Living with Change......Page 208
10.3 Making the Decision to Change......Page 210
10.4 A Refurbishment Case Study......Page 211
10.5 Why Refurbish?......Page 213
10.7 Summary......Page 214
Further Reading......Page 217
B......Page 221
D......Page 222
E......Page 223
G......Page 224
L......Page 225
P......Page 226
R......Page 227
S......Page 228
T......Page 229
Z......Page 230