Power Management Integrated Circuits: Architecture, Design and Implementation (Engineering Systems and Sustainability)

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Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Management Integrated Circuits
	1.1 Need for a Voltage Converter
	1.2 Properties of a Voltage Converter
	1.3 Categories of Voltage Converters
		1.3.1 Linear Regulator
		1.3.2 Magnetic Switching Converter
		1.3.3 Switched-capacitor Converter
	1.4 Trend in Voltage Converters
	1.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 2 Linear Regulators
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Classifications of the Linear Regulators
		2.2.1 Based on the Dropout Voltage
		2.2.2 Based on Output Capacitor
	2.3 Analytical Model of the Linear Regulator
	2.4 Specifications of the Linear Regulator
		2.4.1 Load Regulation
		2.4.2 Line Regulation
		2.4.3 Power Supply Rejection
		2.4.4 Settling Time, Overshoot and Undershoot
		2.4.5 Power Efficiency and Current Efficiency
	2.5 Evolution of the Linear Regulator Topologies and Their Small-signal Modeling
		2.5.1 Single-stage topology
		2.5.2 Two-stage Topology
		2.5.3 Three-stage Topology
	2.6 System-level Considerations
	2.7 Key Advantages and Limitations of Using Linear Regulators
	2.8 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 3 Inductor-based Switching Converters
	3.1 Motivation and Chapter Introduction
	3.2 Inductor-based Switching Converters
		3.2.1 Switching Converters under Steady State
		3.2.2 Fixed-frequency Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Operation
		3.2.3 Derivation of Conversion Ratio M in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
	3.3 Converter Topologies
		3.3.1 Basic Topologies
		3.3.2 Topologies with Transformer Isolation
		3.3.3 More Discussion on Topologies
	3.4 Switching Ripple under CCM
	3.5 Introduction to Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)
		3.5.1 Motivation for DCM
		3.5.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) in a Converter
		3.5.3 Derivation of CCM–DCM Boundary
		3.5.4 Derivation of Conversion Ratio M in DCM
		3.5.5 Discussions on DCM vs. CCM
	3.6 Effects of Nonideal Components on Conversion Ratio and Need for Regulation
	3.7 Closed-loop Control and Modeling of Converters
		3.7.1 Need for Control
		3.7.2 Generic Control Scheme for Converters
		3.7.3 Modeling of Converters
		3.7.4 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
	3.8 Basic Components of Converter Implementation
		3.8.1 Power Switch Technologies
		3.8.2 MOSFET as a Power Switch and Comparison between NMOS and PMOS
		3.8.3 BJT, Diodes and Other Devices as Power Switches
		3.8.4 Switching of a MOSFET
		3.8.5 MOSFET Driver
		3.8.6 Controller’s Roles and Its Implementation
	3.9 Switching Harmonics and Switch-node Ringing
		3.9.1 Switching Harmonics
		3.9.2 Nonideal Switching due to Parasitic Elements
		3.9.3 Snubber Circuits for the Reduction of Ringing
	3.10 Efficiency of a Converter
		3.10.1 Power Loss in Switching
		3.10.2 Gate Drive Loss
		3.10.3 Reverse Recovery Loss
		3.10.4 Other Factors Affecting Efficiency
		3.10.5 Efficiency vs. Frequency and Load
		3.10.6 Efficiency and Thermal Considerations
		3.10.7 Soft-switching Converters
		3.10.8 Variable Frequency Converters for Increased Light-load Efficiency
	3.11 Benefits and Limitations of Inductor-based Converters
		3.11.1 Benefits of Converters
		3.11.2 Limitations of Converters
	3.12 Summary of the Key Points
	3.13 Some Common Converter Topologies
	3.14 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 4 Control Techniques for Inductor-based Switching Converters
	4.1 Voltage Mode Controller
		4.1.1 Power Stage
		4.1.2 Duty Generation
		4.1.3 Output Stage
		4.1.4 Type-I: Dominant Pole Voltage Mode Controller
		4.1.5 Type-II: Dominant Pole Voltage Mode Controller
		4.1.6 Type-III: Phase Lead Voltage Mode Compensation
	4.2 Modeling a Power Stage Switch
		4.2.1 Summary of the Models
	4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode Converter
	4.4 Current Mode Controller
		4.4.1 Peak Current Mode Controller
		4.4.2 Controller Design of Current Mode Buck Converter
		4.4.3 Various Implementations of the Current Mode Control
		4.4.4 Average Current Mode Controller
	4.5 Constant On-time controller
	4.6 Summary
	4.7 Appendix
		A.1 Introduction
		A.2 Control-Voltage-to-Output-Voltage Transfer Function
	4.8 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 5 Switched-Capacitor DC–DC Converters
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Evolution of Capacitor-based Converters
	5.3 Differences with Inductor-based Converters
	5.4 SCC Operation
		5.4.1 SCC with Capacitive Load
		5.4.2 SCC with DC Load
		5.4.3 Switching Limits
		5.4.4 SCC Model
	5.5 Power Efficiency and Loss
		5.5.1 Charge-redistribution Loss
		5.5.2 Conduction Loss
		5.5.3 Gate Drive Loss
		5.5.4 Capacitor Top/Bottom Plate Loss
		5.5.5 Shoot-through Loss
	5.6 Switching Noise
	5.7 Implementation of the Switches
	5.8 Performance Trade-off
	5.9 SCC Topologies
		5.9.1 Dickson Multiplier
		5.9.2 Boot-strapped Dickson
		5.9.3 Voltage Doubler
		5.9.4 Cross-coupled Voltage Doubler
		5.9.5 Voltage Inverter
		5.9.6 Ladder Topology
		5.9.7 Series-parallel Topology
		5.9.8 Fibonacci Topology
	5.10 Control Methods of SC Converters
		5.10.1 Frequency Control
		5.10.2 Hybrid Control Using a Linear Regulator
		5.10.3 Conductivity Modulation
	5.11 Advanced SCC Architectures
		5.11.1 Reconfigurable SCC
		5.11.2 Multiphase SC Converter
		5.11.3 Parasitic Charge-recycling
		5.11.4 Resonant SC Converters
	5.12 Summary
	5.13 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 6 Integrated Circuit Realization
	6.1 Semiconductor Process for Converters: Power FET and Isolation Technology
		6.1.1 High Breakdown Voltage P-N Junction
		6.1.2 High Breakdown Voltage Power MOS
		6.1.3 Isolation Tub in Semiconductor Process
	6.2 Building Blocks of Switching Converters
		6.2.1 Four-Quadrant Switch
		6.2.2 Level Shifter
		6.2.3 Current Sensing
		6.2.4 Delay Elements
	6.3 Electrostatic Discharge Protection Circuit
		6.3.1 NPN Snapback
		6.3.2 SCR
		6.3.3 Active Clamp
	6.4 Thermal Consideration
	6.5 Summary
	6.6 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 7 Implementation of a Low Dropout Regulator
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Biasing Philosophies
		7.2.1 Fixed Biasing
		7.2.2 Dynamic Biasing
		7.2.3 Full Quiescent-current-enhanced Dynamic Biasing
		7.2.4 Adaptive Biasing
	7.3 Frequency Compensation
		7.3.1 Nested Miller Frequency Compensation with Fixed Biasing
		7.3.2 Nested Miller Frequency Compensation with Adaptive Biasing
	7.4 Design Procedure of the Nested Miller-compensated, Capacitor-less, Three-stage LDO Architecture with Adaptive Biasing
		7.4.1 Sizing of the Various Transistors
		7.4.2 Fixing the Value of Cm1
		7.4.3 Fixing the Value of IF
		7.4.4 Calculating the Current Efficiency
	7.5 Design Example
	7.6 Preparing the Layout
	7.7 Experimental Results
	7.8 Summary
	7.9 Exercise Problems
	References
Chapter 8 Implementation of a Buck Converter
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Challenges in Implementing High-frequency DC–DC Buck Converters
		8.2.1 Packaging Issue
		8.2.2 High-frequency Limitations of the Filter Components
		8.2.3 Controlling Input Ripple and Noise
		8.2.4 Effect of Switching Noise on the Analog Controller
		8.2.5 Generating a Sawtooth Waveform for Pulse Width Modulator
		8.2.6 Requirement of a High-gain, High-bandwidth Error Amplifier and High-speed PWM Comparator
		8.2.7 PCB Design Issues
	8.3 Design and Circuit Implementation
		8.3.1 Reference Generator
		8.3.2 Controller Design
		8.3.3 Power Circuit Design
		8.3.4 Soft-start Circuit
	8.4 Layout and Packaging Guidelines
	8.5 Experimental Results
		8.5.1 Open-loop Measurements
		8.5.2 Closed-loop Measurements
	8.6 Summary
	8.7 Exercise Problems
	References
Index