Power Line Communication Systems for Smart Grids

Cover
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Motivation for this book
	1.2 Chapters overview
		Part I
		Part II
		Part III
	References
2 Fundamentals of digital communications
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Communication system model
		2.1.2 Communication channels
	2.2 Review of fundamentals
		2.2.1 Nyquist sampling theorem
		2.2.2 Bandwidth
		2.2.3 Power and energy
		2.2.4 Measuring efficiency of communication systems
	2.3 Vector signal space
		2.3.1 Definition of the signal space
		2.3.2 Gram–Schmidt and the geometric representation of signals
		2.3.3 Karhunen–Loève and the geometric representation of noise
		2.3.4 Optimum receiver structure (MAP/ML criteria)
		2.3.5 Decision region and error probability
		2.3.6 Error probability bounds
	2.4 Baseband digital communication systems
		2.4.1 Line coding
		2.4.2 Complex-valued M-ary PAM
	2.5 Bandpass digital communication systems
		2.5.1 Some important bandpass digital schemes
			2.5.1.1 Binary amplitude shift keying
			2.5.1.2 Binary phase shift keying
			2.5.1.3 Quaternary phase shift keying
			2.5.1.4 M-ary phase shift keying
			2.5.1.5 M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
			2.5.1.6 M-ary frequency shift keying
		2.5.2 Performance of bandpass digital schemes in AWGN
	2.6 Bandlimited transmission
		2.6.1 Nyquist criterion for zero ISI
		2.6.2 Multipath fading channels
		2.6.3 Equalization
			2.6.3.1 Time domain equalization
			2.6.3.2 Frequency domain equalization
	2.7 Synchronization
		2.7.1 Carrier synchronization
		2.7.2 Timing synchronization
	2.8 Conclusion remarks and trends in digital communications
	References
3 Basis of error correction coding
	3.1 Linear block code
		3.1.1 Parity check matrix
			3.1.1.1 Syndrome computation and error detection
		3.1.2 Low-density parity-check
			3.1.2.1 Tanner graphs
			3.1.2.2 LDPC decoding
		3.1.3 Reed–Solomon codes
	3.2 Convolutional codes
	3.3 Turbo codes
	3.4 Final remarks
	References
4 Principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and single carrier frequency domain equalisation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Mathematical preliminaries and basic concepts
		4.2.1 The basics of OFDM
		4.2.2 The basics of SC
	4.3 Frequency domain equalisation
		4.3.1 The channel distortion as a simple entrywise product
		4.3.2 The cyclic prefix technique
		4.3.3 OFDM equalisation
		4.3.4 SC frequency domain equalisation
	4.4 Simulation results
	4.5 Peak-to-average power
	4.6 Concluding remarks and further considerations
	References
5 Modern power line communication technologies
	5.1 Introduction to PLC technologies
	5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PLC technologies
		5.2.1 Advantages of PLC technologies
		5.2.2 Disadvantages of PLC technologies
	5.3 History of PLC technologies
	5.4 PLC classification, frequency bands and standards
		5.4.1 UNB-PLC systems and its applications
		5.4.2 Standards and frequency bands for UNB-PLC systems
		5.4.3 NB-PLC systems and its applications
		5.4.4 Frequency bands for NB-PLC systems
		5.4.5 Standards for NB-PLC systems
			5.4.5.1 LDR NB-PLC
			5.4.5.2 HDR NB-PLC
		5.4.6 BB-PLC systems and its applications
		5.4.7 Frequency bands for BB-PLC systems
		5.4.8 Standards for BB-PLC systems
			5.4.8.1 HomePlug
			5.4.8.2 HD-PLC
			5.4.8.3 IEEE 1901-2010
			5.4.8.4 ITU-T G. hn
	5.5 Conclusion remarks
	References
6 Power line communication channel models
	6.1 Multipath propagation model
	6.2 Noise in PLC channels
		6.2.1 Colored background noise
		6.2.2 Narrowband noise
		6.2.3 Impulsive noise
			6.2.3.1 Bernoulli–Gaussian model
			6.2.3.2 Middleton ClassA
			6.2.3.3 α-Stable distributions
		6.2.4 Markov–Gaussian noise model
		6.2.5 Noise in narrowband systems
	6.3 Generating channels for broadband PLC
	6.4 Generating channels for narrowband PLC
	6.5 Extensions to MIMO PLC
	6.6 Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgement
	References
7 Narrowband power line communication systems
	7.1 PHY layer description of PRIME, G3-PLC and IEEE 1901.2 standards
		7.1.1 PHY frame
			7.1.1.1 PRIME PHY frame
			7.1.1.2 G3-PLC and IEEE 1901.2 PHY frame
		7.1.2 Scrambling schemes
			7.1.2.1 PRIME and G3-PLC scrambler
		7.1.3 Forward error correction system
			7.1.3.1 PRIME forward error correction system
			7.1.3.2 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 forward error correction system
		7.1.4 OFDM generation
			7.1.4.1 PRIME OFDM generation
			7.1.4.2 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 OFDM generation
		7.1.5 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 ATM function
	7.2 Simulation of PRIME and G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 PHY layers
		7.2.1 AWGN channel
		7.2.2 Multipath fading channel
		7.2.3 AWGN channel with periodic impulsive noise
		7.2.4 Multipath fading channel with periodic impulsive noise
	7.3 Conclusion remarks
	References
8 Broadband power line communication systems
	8.1 Physical layer description of IEEE 1901-2010
		8.1.1 Physical layer frames
			8.1.1.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer frame
			8.1.1.2 W-OFDM PHY layer frame
		8.1.2 Scrambling schemes
			8.1.2.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer—scrambler
			8.1.2.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—scrambler
		8.1.3 Forward error correction system
			8.1.3.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer forward error correction coding and interleaving schemes
			8.1.3.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—forward error correction coding and interleaving schemes
		8.1.4 OFDM generation
			8.1.4.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer—OFDM generation
			8.1.4.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—OFDM generation
		8.1.5 Tone mapping
			8.1.5.1 FFT-OFDM PHY/MAC layers tone mapping
			8.1.5.2 W-OFDM PHY/MAC layers tone mapping
	8.2 Simulation of FFT-OFDM andW-OFDM PHY layers
		8.2.1 AWGN channel
		8.2.2 Multipath fading channel
		8.2.3 AWGN channel with periodic impulsive noise
		8.2.4 Multipath fading channel with periodic impulsive noise
	8.3 Conclusion remarks
	References
9 Power line communications for smart grids applications
	9.1 Conventional power grids
	9.2 Smart grids
		9.2.1 Advanced metering infrastructure
		9.2.2 Optimization of energy resources use and integration of renewable energy sources
		9.2.3 Distributed generation and microgrids
		9.2.4 Decentralized energy storage
		9.2.5 Plug-in electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid
		9.2.6 Demand side management and demand response
		9.2.7 Dynamic energy pricing
		9.2.8 Physical and cyber security and privacy
	9.3 Information and communication technologies for smart grids
	9.4 Power line communication technologies for smart grids
		9.4.1 PLCs applications in HAN/BAN/IAN
		9.4.2 PLCs applications in NAN
		9.4.3 PLCs applications in FAN
		9.4.4 PLCs applications in WAN
	9.5 Conclusion remarks
	References
10 An overview of quad-generation system for smart grid using PLC
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Objective functions being used for the optimization of CHP and CCHP
		10.2.1 Cost minimization and economic analysis
		10.2.2 Energy efficiency maximization
		10.2.3 GHGEs minimization
	10.3 Optimization types used in CCHP
		10.3.1 Linear programming
		10.3.2 NLP and MINLP
		10.3.3 BIP, DP, and MILP
	10.4 Solution approaches and tools used to solve optimization problems related to CCHP
		10.4.1 Solution approaches
		10.4.2 Tools used to solve CCHP
	10.5 Conclusion and future work
	References
11 Demand side management through PLC: concepts and challenges
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Overview of demand response
		11.2.1 Types of demand response programs
		11.2.2 Types of customer response
	11.3 Benefits of demand response
		11.3.1 Integration of high amounts of renewable energy sources
		11.3.2 System-wide benefits
		11.3.3 Societal benefits
	11.4 Demand response implementation requirements
		11.4.1 Metering, control, and communication infrastructure
		11.4.2 Communication technologies
			11.4.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility of PLC in the smart grid
			11.4.2.2 Similarities between PLC signals and supraharmonics
			11.4.2.3 Attenuation of PLC signals due to capacitive shunting
		11.4.3 Standardization regarding demand response
	11.5 Challenges and barriers to the development of demand response
	11.6 Conclusions
	References
12 PLC for monitoring and control of distributed generators in smart grids
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Grid faults and islanding
		12.1.2 Standardization and legislation
		12.1.3 Islanding-detection methods
	12.2 Application field
		12.2.1 Noise scenario
		12.2.2 Channel attenuation
		12.2.3 Grid topology
		12.2.4 Power distribution transformer
	12.3 Design of a PLC solution
		12.3.1 Signaling scheme
		12.3.2 Coupling interfaces
		12.3.3 Frequency band
		12.3.4 Signaling modulation techniques
		12.3.5 Concept evaluation, SDR platform
	12.4 PLC concept implementation
		12.4.1 Signaling concept
		12.4.2 Functionality
			12.4.2.1 Fault detection
			12.4.2.2 Fault localization
	12.5 Laboratory tests
		12.5.1 Laboratory setup
		12.5.2 Fault detection tests
		12.5.3 Sensitivity analysis
			12.5.3.1 Bit error rate
			12.5.3.2 Bit rate
			12.5.3.3 Throughput
			12.5.3.4 Latency
		12.5.4 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
		12.5.5 Bypassing
	References
13 Performance evaluation of PRIME PLC modems over distribution transformers in Indian context
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Proposed algorithm
	13.3 Field trial results and analysis
	13.4 Final summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
14 Analysis of hybrid communication for smart grids
	14.1 Wired communications for smart grid applications
		14.1.1 Electrical wiring
		14.1.2 Twisted pair
		14.1.3 Optical fiber
	14.2 Wireless communication in smart grid applications
		14.2.1 Dedicated wireless networks
		14.2.2 Public cellular communication networks
	14.3 Hybrid network architecture practical application
	14.4 Practical results
		14.4.1 Wireless results
		14.4.2 Power line communication tests results
	14.5 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
15 Direct torque control for DFIG based wind turbines employing power line communication technology in smart grid environments
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 DFIG mathematical model and DTC principles
	15.3 SMC technique
	15.4 PLC principles
	15.5 Enabling SG concept with G3-PLC
	15.6 Conclusion remarks
	References
16 MIMO systems design for narrowband power line communication in smart distribution grids
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 PHY characteristics
		16.2.1 MV network modeling
		16.2.2 Transformer modeling
		16.2.3 MV/LV NB-PLC channel model
		16.2.4 Noise modeling
	16.3 Communication channel model
		16.3.1 Spatial channel diagonalization
		16.3.2 Bit-loading optimization
		16.3.3 Transmit energy optimization
		16.3.4 Achievable data rate calculation
	16.4 NB-PLC channel PHY characteristics
		16.4.1 MV distribution line
		16.4.2 MV/LV transformer
		16.4.3 Complete distribution network
	16.5 Data rate results
	16.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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