Power Electronic Converters and Systems: Applications (Energy Engineering)

Cover
’Contents
’About the editors
’Foreword
’15 Hardware-in-the-Loop technology and applications in power electronics
	’15.1 Introduction
	’15.2 Real-time simulators
	’15.3 Principle of operation and benefits of HIL setups
	’15.4 Where to use HIL in a research
	’15.5 Recent publications of research using HIL technology
	’15.6 Fidelity versus coverage
	’15.7 C-HIL setup applications
		’15.7.1 LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter with digital proportional-resonant current controller
		’15.7.2 Single-phase full-bridge series active filter
		’15.7.3 Field-oriented control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines
	’15.8 Conclusions
	’References
’16 Wind energy systems
	’16.1 Introduction
	’16.2 Wind power technologies
		’16.2.1 Current standard speed controls for WECS
		’16.2.2 Concepts of power electronic converters for WECS
		’16.2.3 Types of generators for wind turbines
			’16.2.3.1 Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)
			’16.2.3.2 Wound rotor induction generator (WRIG)
			’16.2.3.3 Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
			’16.2.3.4 Wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG)
			’16.2.3.5 Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
	’16.3 Power electronic interfaces for variable speed wind turbines
		’16.3.1 Conventional power electronic blocks
		’16.3.2 Ordinary power electronic converters for wind turbines
		’16.3.3 Emerging power electronic converters for wind turbines
		’16.3.4 Power electronic converters for high-power wind turbines
	’16.4 WT control algorithms for power electronic converters
		’16.4.1 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
		’16.4.2 Control by maximizing the power coefficient (Cp)
	’16.5 Generator-side converter control
		’16.5.1 Control for DC/DC boost converters
		’16.5.2 Control for impedance source converters
		’16.5.3 Field-oriented control (FOC)
		’16.5.4 Direct torque control space vector modulated (DTC-SVM)
	’16.6 Grid-side converter control
		’16.6.1 Voltage-oriented control (VOC)
		16.6.2 Direct power control—space vector modulated (DPC—SVM)
		’16.6.3 Single-phase grid converter control
	’16.7 Operating control in a stand-alone mode
		’16.7.1 Electronic droop control
		’16.7.2 Electronic speed and voltage control by the load
		’16.7.3 Design of an electronic speed and voltage control by the load
		’16.7.4 Load selection for an electronic speed and voltage control
	’16.8 Conclusions
	’References
’17 Photovoltaic energy systems
	’17.1 Introduction
		’17.1.1 A brief overview of PV generation
		’17.1.2 PV inverter circuit
		’17.1.3 Centralized PV plant
	’17.2 The technologies
		’17.2.1 State-of-the-art technologies
			’17.2.1.1 Power semiconductors
			’17.2.1.2 Inverter topology
			’17.2.1.3 Inverter control
		’17.2.2 Reliability
			’17.2.2.1 Accelerated aging commonality and underlying physics
			’17.2.2.2 Power device reliability
			’17.2.2.3 Field distortion acceleration model
			’17.2.2.4 Dominant failure mechanisms
	’17.3 The grid interface
		’17.3.1 Basic control of real and reactive power in a two-bus power system
			’17.3.1.1 Reactive power
			’17.3.1.2 Real power
	’17.4 The standards
		’17.4.1 Protection
			’17.4.1.1 Over/under voltage
		’17.4.2 Islanding
			’17.4.2.1 Over/short circuit current
			’17.4.2.2 Over/under frequency
			’17.4.2.3 Reconnect after grid failure and restoration
		’17.4.3 Power quality
			’17.4.3.1 Current harmonics and inter-harmonics
			’17.4.3.2 Voltage unbalance
			’17.4.3.3 Injection of DC into the AC system
			’17.4.3.4 Flicker and fluctuations
		’17.4.4 Ancillary services
			’17.4.4.1 Network voltage support
			’17.4.4.2 Frequency support
		’17.4.5 Update of the IEEE 1547 2018
	’17.5 The field measurements
		’17.5.1 Intermittence in solar field results
		’17.5.2 LVRT test results of the 500-kW RX series
	’17.6 Conclusions
	’References
’18 Advanced charging and battery management systems for E-mobility
	’18.1 Introduction
	’18.2 Electric vehicle (EV) batteries
		’18.2.1 Important characteristics of battery chemistries
		’18.2.2 Battery parameters
		’18.2.3 Basic requirements of EV/PHEV batteries
		’18.2.4 Charging, termination, and cell-balancing techniques and SOC estimation
			’18.2.4.1 EV battery charging methods
			’18.2.4.2 Cell balancing
			’18.2.4.3 State estimation
		’18.2.5 Thermal management
			’18.2.5.1 Battery health and thermal management
			18.2.5.2 Digital twin–based BMS and TMS
	’18.3 EV charging
		’18.3.1 Plugged charging
			’18.3.1.1 EV normal charging standards
			’18.3.1.2 DC fast charging converter topologies
		’18.3.2 EV fast charging standards
			’18.3.2.1 CHAdeMO DC fast charging
			’18.3.2.2 Chinese GB DC fast charging standard
	’18.4 Wireless charging
		’18.4.1 Types of wireless charging
		’18.4.2 Necessity of compensation for wireless charging
		18.4.3 Analysis of series–series topology
		18.4.4 Analysis of series–parallel topology
		18.4.5 Peak efficiency of series–series and series–parallel topology
		’18.4.6 Control strategies for SS and SP topology
		’18.4.7 Advantages of EV wireless charging
	’18.5 Battery swapping
		’18.5.1 Advantages of battery swapping
	’18.6 Conclusions
	’References
19 Design and control of DC–DC switched capacitor converters
	’19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Derivation, classification and evaluation of DC–DC converter topology based on impedance network
	19.3 Topology design and of DC–DC converter
		’19.3.1 Topology configuration and operating principles
		’19.3.2 Topology voltage analysis
		’19.3.3 Parameter selection
	19.4 Control system modelling and controller design of DC–DC converters
		’19.4.1 PID control
		’19.4.2 Robust PID control
		’19.4.3 Active disturbance rejection control
	’19.5 Conclusion
	’References
20 Batteries as an energy source for stationary and’mobile applications – overview on’battery’integration and control
	’20.1 Introduction
	’20.2 Introduction to stationary grid-scale BESS’applications
	’20.3 Classification of stationary BESS grid applications
	’20.4 Lithium-ion BESS for stationary applications
	20.5 Control design of lithium-ion BESS for stationary applications – active network management case
		’20.5.1 Proposed active network management scheme
		’20.5.2 Energy management system design for proposed ANM scheme
			’20.5.2.1 P-Control
	’20.6 Current and future of EVs market
	’20.7 Application of batteries in EVs
		’20.7.1 Types of batteries in EVs
			’20.7.1.1 Lithium-ion batteries in EVs
			20.7.1.2 Nickel–metal hydride batteries in EVs
			20.7.1.3 Lead–acid batteries in EVs
			’20.7.1.4 Solid-state batteries in EVs
		’20.7.2 EVs battery charging methods
	’20.8 Energy management and power control of EVs
		’20.8.1 EVs battery charging operation
	’20.9 Discussion and results
	’20.10 Conclusion
	’References
’21 Shipboard power systems
	’21.1 Introduction
	’21.2 Power electronic components for power systems
		’21.2.1 AC drives
		’21.2.2 Inverter system components
			’21.2.2.1 Precharging circuit
			’21.2.2.2 Motor inverters
			’21.2.2.3 Generator inverters
			’21.2.2.4 Grid inverters and low harmonic drives
			’21.2.2.5 DC/DC converters
			’21.2.2.6 DC breakers
			’21.2.2.7 Brake chopper units
			’21.2.2.8 Crowbar
	’21.3 Shipboard electric grid topologies
		’21.3.1 Low and medium voltage distribution
		’21.3.2 AC distribution
		21.3.3 AC–DC hybrid distribution
			21.3.3.1 Case study – M/S Aurora Botnia
		’21.3.4 DC distribution
			21.3.4.1 Case study – M/F Grotte
		’21.3.5 Shore connection integration
			’21.3.5.1 Direct shore connection
			’21.3.5.2 Inverter-based shore connection
			21.3.5.3 Case study – shore connection for M/F Grotte
	’21.4 Shipboard power electronic system applications
		’21.4.1 Shaft generators in mechanical propulsion systems
			’21.4.1.1 Power-take-out (PTO)
			’21.4.1.2 Power-take-in (PTI)
		’21.4.2 Electric propulsion systems
		’21.4.3 Electromechanical hybrid propulsion systems
		’21.4.4 Energy storage applications
			’21.4.4.1 Energy storage maintenance functionalities
		’21.4.5 Fuel cell applications
	’21.5 Power quality requirements in shipboard systems
		’21.5.1 Harmonic distortions
		’21.5.2 Displacement, distortion and true power factors
			’21.5.2.1 Power factor sign
	’21.6 Smart ports
		’21.6.1 Introduction to smart ports
			’21.6.1.1 Smart ports as microgrids
		’21.6.2 Cold Ironing as the first practical step towards smart’ports
			’21.6.2.1 Cold ironing
			’21.6.2.2 Ship requirements while berthing
			’21.6.2.3 Regulations on cold ironing
			’21.6.2.4 Current ports with cold ironing systems
		’21.6.3 Shore-to-ship charging systems in smart ports
			’21.6.3.1 AC charging systems
			’21.6.3.2 DC charging systems
			’21.6.3.3 Inductive charging systems
	’21.7 Concepts for future shipboard power systems
		’21.7.1 Power distribution
		’21.7.2 Power generation
		’21.7.3 Artificial intelligence
	’21.8 Conclusions
	’References
’22 Distributed generation and microgrids
	’22.1 Introduction
	’22.2 Distribution generators
		’22.2.1 Examples of distributed generators
			’22.2.1.1 Wind energy-based distributed generators
			’22.2.1.2 Solar energy-based distributed generators
			’22.2.1.3 Fuel cell-based distributed generators
			’22.2.1.4 Diesel generators
			’22.2.1.5 Microturbines
			’22.2.1.6 Heat pumps
		’22.2.2 Technical impacts due to DG
		’22.2.3 IEEE1547
	’22.3 Microgrid
		’22.3.1 DC and AC microgrids
		’22.3.2 Stand-alone microgrids
		’22.3.3 Grid-tied microgrids
		’22.3.4 Centralized control
		’22.3.5 Conventional droop control method
		’22.3.6 Local control
		’22.3.7 Multifunctional inverter-based operation
	’References
’23 Uninterruptible power supplies
	’23.1 Introduction
	’23.2 Topologies
		’23.2.1 On-line UPS systems
		’23.2.2 Off-line UPS
		’23.2.3 Line-interactive UPS
		’23.2.4 Delta conversion UPS
		’23.2.5 Tri-mode UPS
		’23.2.6 Rotary UPS
		’23.2.7 Hybrid static and rotary UPS
		’23.2.8 Flywheels
		’23.2.9 DC UPS for pulse load with power leveling
		’23.2.10 Redundant bus
		’23.2.11 UPS system with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
	’23.3 Controls for UPS systems
	’23.4 Applications
		’23.4.1 Desktop personal computers
		’23.4.2 Industrial systems
		’23.4.3 Data centers
		’23.4.4 Medical equipment
	’23.5 Conclusion
	’References
’24 Wireless charging for electric vehicles
	’24.1 Introduction
	’24.2 Inductive power transfer systems
		’24.2.1 Magnetic coupler system architecture
			’24.2.1.1 Stationary IPT
			’24.2.1.2 In-motion IPT
		’24.2.2 Compensation networks
		’24.2.3 Converter topologies
			’24.2.3.1 Transmitter-side conversion
			’24.2.3.2 Receiver-side converters
		’24.2.4 State of the art
			’24.2.4.1 Stationary inductive charging
			’24.2.4.2 In-motion inductive charging
		’24.2.5 Challenges and opportunities
			’24.2.5.1 Implementation
			’24.2.5.2 Safety concerns
			’24.2.5.3 Technologies
	’24.3 Conclusion
	’References
’25 Advanced control of power-electronic systems
	’25.1 Introduction
	’25.2 Brief overview of historic advanced nonlinear controllers for PES applications
	’25.3 Switching-sequence-based control
		’25.3.1 SBC for standalone PES
			’25.3.1.1 Description of the SBC scheme
			’25.3.1.2 Application of SBC to a standalone PES
		’25.3.2 SBC for networked PESs
	’25.4 Model predictive control
		’25.4.1 Description of the MPC scheme
		’25.4.2 Application of the MPC to a grid-interactive PES
			’25.4.2.1 MPC formulation of CMI
			’25.4.2.2 Multiobjective MPC constrained algorithm-based state-of-the-charge of battery cells
			’25.4.2.3 Performance analysis of constrained multiobjective MPC
	’25.5 Conclusion
	’Disclaimer
	’References
’26 Active power filter control methods for power quality improvement in more electric aircraft applications
	’26.1 Overview of more electric aircraft power system
	’26.2 Power electronic converters in electric aircraft
		26.2.1 AC–DC converters
		26.2.2 DC–DC converters
		26.2.3 DC–AC converters
	’26.3 Power quality issues in aircraft systems
		’26.3.1 Harmonics issues
		’26.3.2 Power factor correction
		’26.3.3 Unbalancing issues
	’26.4 Power quality improvement in more electric aircraft
		’26.4.1 Principles and configurations of active power filters (APFs)
		’26.4.2 Other important configurations of APFs
			’26.4.2.1 Four-leg inverter
			’26.4.2.2 Multi-level inverters
	’26.5 Control methodologies for active power filters in more electric aircraft grids
		’26.5.1 Reference current extraction schemes
			’26.5.1.1 Time domain schemes
			’26.5.1.2 Frequency domain schemes
		’26.5.2 Prominent linear/nonlinear current control methods
			’26.5.2.1 Hysteresis current control
			’26.5.2.2 Multiresolution control
			’26.5.2.3 Iterative learning control (ILC)
			’26.5.2.4 Deadbeat current control
			’26.5.2.5 Quasi-proportional-resonant (quasi-PR) current controller
			’26.5.2.6 Feed forward compensation
			’26.5.2.7 Repetitive control (RC)
		’26.5.3 DC link voltage controllers
			’26.5.3.1 Linear PI controller
			’26.5.3.2 Nonlinear controllers
			’26.5.3.3 Artificial intelligence (AI) control
		’26.5.4 Role of synchronization schemes
	’26.6 Performance evaluation
	’26.7 Summary
	’References
’27 An overview on fault ride through strategies for grid-connected photovoltaic system
	’27.1 Introduction
	’27.2 FRT requirements
		’27.2.1 LVRT requirement
		’27.2.2 HVRT requirement
		’27.2.3 Other modern grid code requirements
	’27.3 FRT methods for grid-connected PV system
		’27.3.1 FRT control capability: an overview
		’27.3.2 FRT and MPPT strategies
		’27.3.3 Methods for sag detection
	’27.4 Overview on various FRT strategies
		’27.4.1 External devices-based FRT control methods
			’27.4.1.1 Protection based on braking chopper
			’27.4.1.2 FRT based on energy storage systems
			’27.4.1.3 Flexible alternating current transmission system devices
			’27.4.1.4 Additional methodologies
		’27.4.2 Improved controller-based approaches
			’27.4.2.1 Modified inverter controllers
			’27.4.2.2 Computational approaches
			’27.4.2.3 Other methods
		’27.4.3 Comparison of FRT strategies based on technical, complexity, and economic aspects
	’27.5 External devices-based methods: a case study
		’27.5.1 Design of FRT strategies
			’27.5.1.1 Design of conventional crowbar strategy
			’27.5.1.2 Design of bridge-type fault current limiters
			’27.5.1.3 Design of switch-type fault current limiters (STFCL)
		’27.5.2 Proposed model
		’27.5.3 Performance evaluations
	’27.6 Discussion
	’27.7 Conclusion
	’References
’28 Support functions and grid-forming control on’grid connected inverters
	’28.1 Introduction
	’28.2 GCI support functions
		28.2.1 Volt–VAr and Volt–Watt
		28.2.2 Freq–Watt
		28.2.3 Watt–VAr
		’28.2.4 Ride-through
		’28.2.5 Voltage ride-through
		’28.2.6 Frequency ride-through
	’28.3 Overview of grid-forming controllers
		’28.3.1 Power-synchronisation and voltage amplitude control
	’28.4 GCI control system design
		’28.4.1 Converter topology and output filter
		’28.4.2 Inner voltage-controller design
		’28.4.3 Power loop design
	’28.5 Experimental results of a bidirectional DER
		28.5.1 BESS implementing the Freq–Watt function
		28.5.2 BESS implementing the Volt–VAr function
	’28.6 Conclusion
	’A.1 Instantaneous power theory
	’A.2 Synchronous reference frame power theory
	’B.1 Transformations among frames
	’B.2 Phase-locked loops
	’References
Conclusion
Index
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