Power Converters, Drives and Controls for Sustainable Operations

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I: Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications
	Chapter 1 DC-DC Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Classifications of DC-DC Converters
			1.2.1 Classification of Linear Mode DC-DC Converters
				1.2.1.1 Series Regulators
				1.2.1.2 Parallel Regulators
			1.2.2 Classification of Hard Switching DC-DC Converter
				1.2.2.1 List of Isolated DC-DC Topologies
				1.2.2.2 Classification of Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters
			1.2.3 Classification of Soft Switching DC-DC Converter
				1.2.3.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS)
				1.2.3.2 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)
		1.3 Applications of DC-DC Converters in Real World
		1.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2 DC-DC Converters for Fuel Cell Power Sources
		2.1 DC-DC Boost Converter in Fuel Cell (FC) Applications
		2.2 DC-DC Buck Converter
		2.3 DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter
		2.4 DC-DC Cuk-Converter
		2.5 DC-DC Sepic Converter
		2.6 Multi-Phase and Multi-Device Techniques for Ripple Current Reduction
			2.6.1 Multi-Device Boost Converter
			2.6.2 Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter
			2.6.3 Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter
		2.7 The Proposed High Gain Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter
			2.7.1 Operating Principle of HGMDMPIBC
		2.8 Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converters for Low Voltage FC Applications
			2.8.1 Single Switch Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter
			2.8.2 Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter
		2.9 Proposed Multi-Device Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications
		2.10 The Proposed Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications
		2.11 Converter Configurations for Integrating FC with 400 V Grid Voltages
			2.11.1 Series Configuration
			2.11.2 DC-Distributed Configuration
		2.12 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3 High Gain DC-DC Converters for Photovoltaic Applications
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 Role of DC-DC Converter in Renewable Energy System
			3.1.2 Classical Boost Converter (CBC)
		3.2 Gain Extension Mechanisms
			3.2.1 Voltage-Lift Capacitor (Clift)
			3.2.2 Coupled Inductor (CI)
			3.2.3 Voltage Multiplier Cells (VMC)
		3.3 Synthesis of High Gain DC-DC Converters
			3.3.1 Concept of Interleaving
			3.3.2 Interleaving Mechanism with Coupled Inductors (CIs)
			3.3.3 VMCs at Secondary Side of CIs
		3.4 Development of High Gain DC-DC Converters (HGCs)
			3.4.1 HGC with 3 CIs, Clift, and VMC
				3.4.1.1 Design Details of HGC-1
				3.4.1.2 Experimental Results of Prototype HGC-1 and Discussion
				3.4.2 3-Phase Interleaved HGC with 1 CI, Clift, and VMC
			3.4.3 Modular HGC with 3 CIs, Clift, and 3 VMCs
			3.4.4 Compact HGC Based on Multi-Winding CI, Clift, and VMC
				3.4.4.1 Voltage Stress on Devices
				3.4.4.2 Current Stress on Devices
		3.5 Operating Capabilities of the Proposed HGCs – A Comparison
			3.5.1 Electrical Characteristics
				3.5.1.1 Ideal Voltage Gain
				3.5.1.2 Loss Distribution Profile
			3.5.2 Stress on Switches
				3.5.2.1 Peak Voltage Stress
				3.5.2.2 Peak Current Stress
			3.5.3 Structural Parameters
				3.5.3.1 Coefficient of Coupling (k)
				3.5.3.2 Component Count (CC) and Component Utilisation Ratio (CUR)
		3.6 Salient Features of the Presented High Gain Converters
		3.7 Summary and Outlook
		References
	Chapter 4 Design of DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Energy Storage System
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Isolated Converters
			4.2.1 Bridge Type
			4.2.2 Z-Source Type
			4.2.3 Sinusoidal Amplitude High Voltage Bus Converter (SAHVC)
			4.2.4 Multiport Converter
		4.3 Non-Isolated Converter
			4.3.1 Conventional Converters
			4.3.2 Interleaved Converter
			4.3.3 Multi-Device Interleaved
		4.4 Design of DC-DC Converter with Integration of ICPT and Battery Implementation with Digital Control Loop
			4.4.1 Design of DC-DC for BEV with the Integration of ICPT
			4.4.2 Digital Control with Sliding Mode Control Approach
		4.5 Design of Converter with Hybrid Energy Storage System and Bidirectional Converter
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5 Performance Analysis of Series Load Resonant (SLR) DC–DC Converter
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Theoretical Background
		5.3 Simulation Results
		5.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6 Review on Different Methodologies of DC-AC Converter
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Different Multilevel Inverter Topologies
			6.2.1 Diode Clamped MLI (DCMLI)
			6.2.2 Flying Capacitor MLI
			6.2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge MLI
			6.2.4 New Hybrid Cascaded MLI
				6.2.4.1 Stepped Wave Modulation Topology (SWMT)
				6.2.4.2 Fourier Series of Proposed Waveform
				6.2.4.3 Proposed Topology (New Hybrid MLI)
		6.3 Comparison between Various MLI
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7 Grid Connected Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
		7.1 Single Phase Seven Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected PV System
			7.1.1 Seven Level Inverter Topology
			7.1.2 PWM Technique for Seven Level Inverter
			7.1.3 Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Seven Level Inverter
		7.2 Simlink Model of Nine Level H-Bridge Inverter
		7.3 Three Phase Fifteen Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected System
			7.3.1 Modified System of Fifteen Level Inverter
			7.3.2 Modelling of Cascaded H-Bridge Fifteen Level Inverter
			7.3.3 Evaluation of THD
		7.4 Fesability Analysis of Photovoltaic System in Grid Connected Inverter
			7.4.1 Modified PV-DVR System
				7.4.1.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Mode
				7.4.1.2 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Mode
				7.4.1.3 Energy Conservation Mode
				7.4.1.4 Idle Mode
			7.4.2 Photovoltaic DC-DC Converter
			7.4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System
			7.4.4 Methods of Maximum Power Point Tracking
				7.4.4.1 Perturb and Observe Method
				7.4.4.2 Incremental Conductance Method
				7.4.4.3 Current Sweep Method
				7.4.4.4 Constant Voltage Method
			7.4.5 Comparison of MPPT Methods
			7.4.6 Operating Principle of P&O MPPT
			7.4.7 Simulation Results of PV-DVR System
			7.4.8 Grid Connected System Using PV Syst Tool
			7.4.8.1 PV System Simulation Result Analysis
		7.5 Conclusion
		7.6 Future Scope of Work
		References
	Chapter 8 A Novel Fusion Switching Pattern Generation Algorithm for “N-Level” Switching Angle Algorithm Based Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI Circuitry
		8.3 Switching Angle Algorithm
			8.3.1 Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (EP-SAA)
			8.3.2 Half Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (HEP-SAA)
			8.3.3 Feed Forward Switching Angle Algorithm (FF-SAA)
			8.3.4 Half Height Switching Angle Algorithm (HH-SAA)
		8.4 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter
			8.4.1 SAA for 9-Level TCHMLI
			8.4.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.4.3 Generation of DPWM for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.4.4 Simulation Results of 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
		8.5 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.5.1 SAA for 27-Level TCHMLI
			8.5.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.5.3 Generation of DPWM for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.5.4 Simulation Results of 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
		8.6 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.1 SAA for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.3 Generation of DPWM for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.4 Flow Diagram of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.5 5 Roles of Design Resolution in Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
			8.6.6 Simulation Results of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI
		8.7 FPGA Experimental Validation with Specification
		8.8 Hardware Results and Discussion
		8.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9 An Inspection on Multilevel Inverters Based on Sustainable Applications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Multilevel Inverters in Sustainable Applications
		9.3 Development of Multilevel Inverter
			9.3.1 Diode-Clamped
			9.3.2 Flying Capacitor
			9.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge MLI
		9.4 Symmetric MLI
		9.5 Asymmetric MLI
		9.6 An Examination on Current MLI’s
		9.7 Summary
		Acknowledgement
		References
Part II: Electric Machines and Drives for Sustainable Applications
	Chapter 10 Technical Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Standards
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Background
		10.3 Review of EV Charging Infrastructure
		10.4 Review of DC-DC Converters for EVCs
		10.5 Standards for EV and EVSE
			10.5.1 Description of EV Connector
		10.6 Charging Stations in India
		10.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11 Implementation of Model Predictive Control for Reduced Torque Ripple in Orthopaedic Surgical Drilling Applications with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Role of Motor in Orthopaedic Drilling Applications
			11.2.1 BLDC Motors
			11.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
				11.2.2.1 PMSM Machine Equations
			11.2.3 Control Methods of PMSM
		11.3 Model Predictive Control
			11.3.1 Structure of MPC
			11.3.2 Cost Function
		11.4 Predictive Control Techniques for PMSM
			11.4.1 Conventional Model Predictive Torque Control (MPC)
			11.4.2 Proposed MPC Technique
		11.5 Implementation and Results
			11.5.1 Comparative Study of Steady State Performance of Proposed MPC and Conventional MPC under Loaded Condition
			11.5.2 Steady State Performance at 50% Rated Speed
			11.5.3 Steady State Performance at 100% Rated Speed
			11.5.4 Real-Time Simulation Result Analysis with OPAL-RT Lab
				11.5.4.1 Steady-State Response
				11.5.4.2 Start-Up Response
		11.6 Implementation Analysis
		11.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12 High Precision Drives for Piezoelectric Actuators Based Motion Control Microsystems
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Driving Methods of PEA
		12.3 Driver Circuits for Driving PEA in High Voltage Applications
		12.4 Different Types of Power Supply Used for Driving the Piezo Driver
		12.5 Different Types of Voltage Regulator Used for Driving the Piezo Driver
		12.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13 Design and Analysis of 31-Level Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter Topology for R, RL, & Motor Load
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Incorporation of Multilevel Inverters in Various Applications
		13.3 Modeling of 31-Level Asymmetric Inverter
			13.3.1 Mathematical Modeling of 31-Level Inverter
			13.3.2 Modes of Operation
			13.3.3 Switching Principle of 31-Level Inverter
		13.4 Simulation Circuit and Result Discussions
			13.4.1 Block Diagram for Pulse Generation
			13.4.2 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with R Load
			13.4.3 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with RL Load
			13.4.4 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter Fed with 1ö Induction Motor
		13.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 14 Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor: Analysis and Design with Rare Earth Free Hybrid Magnets
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Literature Survey
		14.3 Construction and Torque Equation
		14.4 Design Specifications and Machine Topologies
		14.5 No-Load Characteristics
		14.6 Performance at Various Operating Regions
		14.7 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 15 Design of Bidirectional DC – DC Converters and Controllers for Hybrid Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Need For Hybrid Energy Management Systems in EV
		15.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)
			15.3.1 Passive Parallel HESS
			15.3.2 Parallel Converter HESS
		15.4 Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (BDC)
		15.5 Specifications of DC-DC Converters
		15.6 Control Strategy
		15.7 Results and Discussion
		15.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 16 Design of Rare Earth Magnet Free Traction Motor
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Comparison Among Traction Motor Choices
		16.3 Motor Peak Power Calculation Based on Vehicle Dynamics
		16.4 Operating Principle of SynRM & Basic Terminologies
		16.5 SynRM Design Concepts: Effect of Design Parameters on Performance
		16.6 Analytical Design of SynRM
			16.6.1 Stator & Winding Design
			16.6.2 Rotor Design
				16.6.2.1 Determining Barrier End Angle, ám
				16.6.2.2 Determining Segment Width, Si
				16.6.2.3 Determining Barrier Width, W1i
		16.7 Electromagnetic Analysis –Results & Discussion
		16.8 Investigation on Impact of Different Parameters
			16.8.1 Torque-Speed Curve
		16.9 Summary
		16.10 Future Work
		References
	Chapter 17 Implementation of Automatic Unmanned Battery Charging System for Electric Cars
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Proposed System
		17.3 MATLAB Simulation
			17.3.1 Mathematical Modelling
			17.3.2 Simulation and Analysis of Battery Discharging at EV Charging Station
		17.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18 Improved Dual Output DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Proposed Dual Output Quadratic Boost Converter
			18.2.1 Solar PV System
				18.2.1.1 Mathematical Modeling of PV System
			18.2.2 Switching Methodology
				18.2.2.1 Topology of Proposed Converter
			18.2.3 Estimation of Parameters of Proposed SIDO Converter
				18.2.3.1 Design Example
		18.3 Simulation of the Proposed Converter
		18.4 Experimental Results
		18.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19 DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion Using Direct Matrix Converter
		Chapter-I
		Introduction
		19.1 Introduction to Matrix Converters
		19.2 Introduction to Control and Modulation Techniques in Matrix Convertor
		19.3 Introduction to Predictive Control Techniques
		Chapter-II
		Concept and System Description: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Wind Energy Conversion System
		Chapter-III
		Modeling and Simulation of DFIG in MATLAB
		Chapter-IV
		The Matrix Converter and Predictive Control Technique
		19.4 Topologies of Matrix Converters and Use of Predictive Control
		19.5 Conclusion
		19.6 Scope for Future Work
		References
Part III: Trends in Control Methods for Sustainable Applications
	Chapter 20 Microgrid: Recent Trends and Control
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 MG Concept
			20.2.1 Different Structures of MG
				20.2.1.1 AC MG
				20.2.1.2 DC MG
				20.2.1.3 Hybrid AC/DC MG
				20.2.1.4 Urban DC MG
				20.2.1.5 Ceiling DC MG
		20.3 MG Control Layer
		20.4 Functional Requirements of MG Management
			20.4.1 Forecast
			20.4.2 Real-Time Optimization
			20.4.3 Data Analysis and Communication
			20.4.4 Human Machine Interface
		20.5 Energy Management Schemes
			20.5.1 Communication-Based Energy Management
			20.5.2 The Communication-Less Energy Management System
		20.6 Overview of MG Control
			20.6.1 Power Flow Control by Current Regulation
			20.6.2 Power Flow Control by Voltage Regulation
			20.6.3 Agent-Based Control
			20.6.4 Multi-Agent System (MAS) Based Distributed Control
			20.6.5 PQ Control
			20.6.6 VSI Control
			20.6.7 Central Control
			20.6.8 Master/Slave Control
			20.6.9 Distributed Control
			20.6.10 Droop Control
			20.6.11 Control Design Based on Transfer Function
			20.6.12 Direct Lyapunov Control (DLC)
			20.6.13 Passivity Based Control (PBC)
			20.6.14 Model Predictive Control (MPC)
		20.7 IEEE and IEC Standards
		20.8 Challenges of MG Controls
			20.8.1 Future Trends
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 21 Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Sliding Mode Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications
		21.3 Passivity-Based Control in Sustainable Applications
		21.4 Model Predictive Control in Sustainable Applications
		21.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	Chapter 22 Optimization Techniques for Minimizing Power Loss in Radial Distribution Systems by Placing Wind and Solar Systems
		I. Introduction
		22.1 Distribution Systems
		22.2 Radial Distribution Network
		22.3 Power Loss Minimization
		22.4 Optimization Techniques
		22.5 MATLAB Tools for Optimization Techniques
		22.6 Conclusion
		References
		Appendix
	Chapter 23 Passivity Based Control for DC-DC Converters
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Passivity Based Control
		23.3 Control Law Generation Using ESDI, ESEDPOF, ETEDPOF
			23.3.1 Energy Shaping and Damping Injection (ESDI)
			23.3.2 Exact Tracking Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback (ETEDPOF)
			23.3.3 Exact Static Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback
		23.4 Control Law Generation Using ETEDPOF Method for DC Drives
			23.4.1 Buck Converter Fed DC Motor
			23.4.2 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor
			23.4.3 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor
		23.5 Sensitivity Analysis
			23.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Buck Converter
			23.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Boost Converter
			23.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis of a Luo Converter
		23.6 Reference Profile Generation
			23.6.1 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor
			23.6.2 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor
		23.7 Load Torque Estimation
			23.7.1 Reduced-Order Observer for Load Torque Estimation
			23.7.2 SROO Approach for Load Torque Estimation
			23.7.3 Load Torque Estimation Using Online Algebraic Approach
			23.7.4 Sensorless Online Algebraic Approach (SAA) for Load Torque Estimation
		23.8 Applications of PBC
		23.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24 Modeling, Analysis, and Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Sustainable System Using MATLAB
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Modeling of MIMO System
		24.3 Analysis of MIMO System Using MATLAB
		24.4 Optimization Techniques for PID Parameter
			24.4.1 Controller Design
				24.4.1.1 PID Controller Design
			24.4.2 Optimization of PID Controller Parameter
		24.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Using MATLAB/Simulink
		24.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25 Development of Backstepping Controller for Buck Converter
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Buck Converter With R-Load
			25.2.1 Mathematical Model
			25.2.2 Buck Converter with PMDC Motor
			25.2.3 Mathematical Model
		25.3 Controller Design
			25.3.1 Basic Block Diagram for PI/Backstepping Controller
			25.3.2 Conventional PI Controller Design
			25.3.3 Backstepping Controller Design
			25.3.4 Backstepping Control Algorithm
			25.3.5 Controller Design for Buck Converter with R-Load
		25.4 Simulation Results
		25.5 Hardware Details
			25.5.1 Buck Converter Specifications
			25.5.2 Advanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulator
			25.5.3 Principles of Operation
		25.6 Hardware Results
		25.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26 Analysing Control Algorithms for Controlling the Speed of BLDC Motors Using Green IoT
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Working of BLDC Motor
		26.3 Speed Control of Motor
		26.4 Speed Control of BLDC Motor with FPGA
		26.5 Advancements in Green IoT for BLDC Motors
		26.6 Conclusion
		References
Index
EULA