Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Science and Practice

Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Understanding Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 7
Is there a life after trauma? the case of marian M......Page 10
History of popular and scientific conceptions of psychological trauma and PTSD......Page 12
Contemporary definitions of traumatic stress and the diagnosis of PTSD......Page 18
Beyond PTSD: can traumatic stress affect a person’s core self......Page 24
From exposure to a traumatic stressor to the development of (and recovery from) PTSD......Page 30
Epidemiology of PTSD; how often (and to whom) does PTSD occur?......Page 31
Research and clinical assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD......Page 32
Treatment and prevention of PTSD......Page 33
Social, cultural and ethical issues in the PTSD field......Page 35
Careers in the PTSD field and impact of psychological trauma on the professional......Page 36
The Impact of Psychological Trauma......Page 37
When the other shoe falls: What makes stressful events traumatic?......Page 40
Acute traumatic stress reactions......Page 41
Acute stress disorder......Page 42
Life after trauma: Positive and problematic trajectories of adaptation......Page 45
Positive posttraumatic life trajectories......Page 46
Problematic posttraumatic life trajectories......Page 52
Research on the impact of traumatic stress on the course of people’s lives......Page 55
Etiology of Traumatic  Stress Disorders......Page 60
Understanding etiology: Causes or risk factors and protective factors?......Page 65
Degree or severity of exposure to traumatic stressor(s)......Page 68
Pre-Existing psychiatric illness......Page 70
Potential genetic or biological causal risk factors......Page 73
Alterations in cognitive processing......Page 75
Potential risk factors for exposure to traumatic stressors......Page 79
Vulnerability factors for PTSD......Page 80
Protective factors......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 99
Epidemiology of Pychologica Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders......Page 100
Epidemiology of PTSD in adulthood: 1. prevalence of exposure to traumatic stressors......Page 102
Epidemiology of PTSD in adulthood: 2. prevalence of PTSD......Page 103
Epidemiology of PTSD in adulthood: 3. comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders......Page 104
Epidemiology of PTSD in childhood: 2. prevalence of PTSD......Page 106
Epidemiology of PTSD in childhood: 3. comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders......Page 114
Gender and the epidemiology of PTSD......Page 115
Ethnocultural and socioeconomic background and the epidemiology of PTSD......Page 120
Neurobiology of Traumatic Stress Disorders and Their Impact on Physical Health......Page 121
Alterations in the body's stress response systems in PTSD......Page 123
Alterations in brain chemistry, structure and functioning in PTSD......Page 131
Emotion regulation......Page 132
Information processing......Page 133
Brain structure and PTSD......Page 135
Brain function and PTSD......Page 138
PTSD and physical health problems and medical illness......Page 139
Medical illness......Page 140
Psychological trauma, PTSD and health risk behaviors......Page 141
Psychological trauma, PTSD and somatic dissociation......Page 143
Health problems and medical illness as precipitants for PTSD......Page 144
Conclusion......Page 145
Assessment of Psychological Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders......Page 146
Scientific criteria for PTSD assessment......Page 148
Reliability......Page 149
Validity......Page 150
Clinical issues in PTSD assessment: 1. Assessing trauma history......Page 151
Assessing past experiences of psychological trauma......Page 153
Trauma history measures......Page 154
Assessments of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis......Page 162
PTSD symptom and diagnosis measures......Page 166
Assessment of psychiatric problems commonly comorbid with PTSD......Page 170
Screening for PTSD......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 184
Treatment of Adults with Traumatic Stress Disorders......Page 185
Best practice principles in the treatment of PTSD......Page 187
Phase 1......Page 188
Phase 2......Page 191
Phase 3......Page 194
Frequency of and type of services......Page 195
Evidence based practices and treatments for PTSD......Page 196
Cognitive behavior therapy for PTSD......Page 199
CBT for PTSD and substance use disorders (SUD)......Page 202
Self-regulation and interpersonal therapies for PTSD......Page 203
Trauma affect regulation: guide for education and therapy (TARGET)......Page 206
Present centered therapy (PCT)......Page 207
Anxiety management skills training......Page 208
Hypnosis and hypnotherapy for PTSD......Page 209
AEDP......Page 210
EFTT......Page 218
Psychodynamic therapies for PTSD......Page 219
Body-focused psychotherapy for PTSD......Page 220
Group therapies for PTSD......Page 221
Pharmacological therapies (medication) for PTSD......Page 222
Conclusion......Page 223
Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Stress Disorders......Page 225
Trauma focused-cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT)......Page 227
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Spates et al., 2008)......Page 233
Cognitive behavior therapy in schools (Jaycox et al., 2008)......Page 236
Creative arts therapies (Goodman et al., 2008)......Page 237
Affective and interpersonal regulation therapies (Ford and Cloitre, 2009)......Page 238
Psychopharmacotherapy (Connor and Fraleigh, 2008; Donnelly, 2008)......Page 243
Integrative psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy models......Page 244
Real world challenges in treating children with PTSD......Page 245
Conclusion......Page 251
Prevention of Traumatic Stress Disorders......Page 253
Overview of approaches to prevention......Page 255
Hobfoll’s theory of conservation of resources (COR)......Page 260
De Jong’s ecological resilience model......Page 261
Saxe’s trauma systems therapy (TST) model......Page 262
Brom and Kleber’s minimal learning model of resilience......Page 263
Community and school-based violence and delinquency prevention programs......Page 264
Psychological first aid in the wake of disaster and terrorism......Page 269
Critical incident stress management (CISM)......Page 276
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) prevention models......Page 278
Pharmacological prevention of PTSD......Page 279
Conclusion......Page 280
Forensic Issues in the Traumatic Stress Field......Page 282
Forensic mental health roles for traumatic stress professionals......Page 284
Expert witness role......Page 286
Forensic testimony related to specific cases......Page 287
Family law courts......Page 289
Juvenile justice system......Page 293
Adult criminal justice system......Page 297
Exaggeration of PTSD symptoms for legal or disability compensation (malingering)......Page 298
PTSD as a mitigating factor in criminal culpability......Page 302
Credibility of witness and defendant memories of potentially traumatic events......Page 306
Dangerousness (and rehabilitation) of sexual and violent offenders......Page 308
Forensic mental health standards of care and standards of practice......Page 309
Social, Cultural and Ethical Issues in the Traumatic Stress Field......Page 314
The role of ethnicity, culture, and social resources in PTSD......Page 316
Discrimination due to gender or sexual orientation and PTSD......Page 321
Physical and developmental disabilities and PTSD......Page 324
Poverty, psychological trauma and PTSD......Page 327
Victims of political repression, genocide (‘ethnic cleansing’) and torture......Page 329
Torture......Page 332
Refugee survivors of political violence and catastrophic disasters......Page 338
Programs addressing the social and political aspects of catastrophic traumatic stressors......Page 345
Careers and Ethical Issues in the Traumatic Stress Field......Page 349
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 1. the research scientist......Page 355
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 2. the clinician practitioner......Page 357
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 3. the scientist practitioner......Page 362
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 4. the health services researcher......Page 365
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 5. the educator......Page 367
Careers in the traumatic stress field: 6. the program director......Page 369
Ethical issues in PTSD research and treatment......Page 373
 Afterword......Page 379
References......Page 383
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