Post-trauma and the Recovery Governance of Cultural Heritage

Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Limits of International Framework for the Post-trauma Recovery of Cultural Heritage
1 Introduction
2 Questioning the Adaptability of Global Governance in the Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage in Post-trauma Situations
	2.1 International Cultural Heritage Law and the Post-trauma Situation
	2.2 International Framework for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and Cultural Heritage
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
3 Governance Challenges in Nepal After the Gorkha Earthquake, in Light of the World Heritage Convention
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The World Heritage Convention and the Kathmandu Valley
		3.2.1 The World Heritage Convention
			3.2.1.1 The Role of the World Heritage Convention
			3.2.1.2 The Role of the World Heritage Committee
			3.2.1.3 The Role of the Operational Guidelines
			3.2.1.4 The Role of the List of World Heritage in Danger
		3.2.2 “Kathmandu Valley” as a World Heritage Property
			3.2.2.1 Overview of the World Heritage Property of “Kathmandu Valley”
			3.2.2.2 Efforts to Strengthen the Protection System for World Heritage Properties
	3.3 The Domestic Legal System for Cultural Heritage in Nepal
		3.3.1 The Legal System for the Protection of Individual Historic Monuments
			3.3.1.1 The Ancient Monument Preservation Act
			3.3.1.2 The Local Government Operation Act
			3.3.1.3 The Local Administration Act
			3.3.1.4 The Guthi Corporation Act
			3.3.1.5 Pashupati Area Development Trust Act and Organization Registration Act
		3.3.2 The Legal System for the Protection of Historic Settlements
			3.3.2.1 The Legal System for New Individual Buildings
			3.3.2.2 The Legal System for Urban Planning
			3.3.2.3 Building By-Laws
	3.4 Damage and Recovery from the Gorkha Earthquake
		3.4.1 Overview of Damage Caused by the Gorkha Earthquake
		3.4.2 Early Recovery Activities and Organizations for Reconstruction
		3.4.3 Restoration of the Buildings Damaged by the Gorkha Earthquake
	3.5 Legal Issues Exposed in the Recovery Process from the Gorkha Earthquake
		3.5.1 Issues in the World Heritage System
			3.5.1.1 Issues in the System
				Decision-Making Methods that Do not Directly Reflect Experts Monitoring
				Absence of Means to Stop the Implementation of Significant Changes in Restoration
				Limitation of the Authority of the UNESCO Field Office
				Ambiguity in the Definition of Authenticity
				Insufficient Protection System for World Heritage Properties Inscribed During the Early Years
			3.5.1.2 Issues in the Operation
				Continued Rejection towards Being Inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger
		3.5.2 Issues in the Domestic System
			3.5.2.1 Issues on the Protection System for Individual Historic Monuments
				Issues in the System
				Issues in the Operation
			3.5.2.2 Issues on the Protection System for Historic Settlements
				Issues in the System
				Issues in the Operation
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Part II Legal Governance Models for Cultural Heritage in Post-trauma Situations
4 Introduction
5 Japanese Approach and Practice for Cultural Heritage in Post-disaster Situations
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Purpose of This Chapter
		5.1.2 About Previous Studies
	5.2 Japan’s Cultural Property System
		5.2.1 Until the Enactment of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
		5.2.2 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
	5.3 How are Disaster Prevention and Disaster Response Measures for Cultural Properties and Buildings being Implemented?
		5.3.1 Target Disasters
		5.3.2 Position in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
		5.3.3 Subsidies (Requirements, etc.)
		5.3.4 Actual Operation
	5.4 Recent Progress of Disaster Prevention and Response for Cultural Heritage Buildings
		5.4.1 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
		5.4.2 Great East Japan Earthquake
		5.4.3 Kumamoto Earthquake
		5.4.4 Fire at Notre-Dame de Paris and Shuri-jô Main Hall
		5.4.5 Summary of Recent Changes
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Cultural Heritage Protection Challenges Seen from the Kumamoto Earthquake
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The 2020 Survey
		6.2.1 The 2020 Interview Survey
		6.2.2 Results and Analysis of the Current Status Survey of Historic Buildings Damaged by the Kumamoto Earthquake
	6.3 Development and Challenges of Legislation for Cultural Heritage Disaster Mitigation After the Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016
		6.3.1 Cultural Heritage Conservation Network in Cooperation with Industry, Academia, Government, and the Private Sector in Times of Disaster or Reconstruction
		6.3.2 Information Management on Cultural Properties, Including Non-designated Cultural Properties
		6.3.3 Temporary Evacuation of Cultural Properties
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Lessons from the Earthquakes in Christchurch and Legislative Responses
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage Protection Legislation and Emergency Response Legislation
		7.2.1 National Level
		7.2.2 Local Level
	7.3 The 2011 Earthquake and the Subsequent Response
	7.4 Cultural Heritage Conservation and Economic Support in the Reconstruction Process
	7.5 Dismantling and the Value of Cultural Heritage
	7.6 Conclusion from a Comparative Perspective with Japan
	References
8 The Significance of Special Laws in Post-disaster Restoration and Recovery of Cultural Heritage:  The Case of the Special Law for the Conservation and Restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Legal Framework for the Protection of Cultural Property in France
	8.3 Question of Authenticity Under the “Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”
		8.3.1 The Universal Symbolism of Notre-Dame de Paris and Its Current State Through Historical Changes
		8.3.2 Past Restoration Works at Notre-Dame de Paris
	8.4 Background of the Legislative Process of the Special Law
		8.4.1 Immediate Response to Fire in April 2019
		8.4.2 Donation Premised on Cathedral Restoration and the Statement Made by the President of the Republic
		8.4.3 Discussions Leading to the Enactment and Promulgation of the Special Law
	8.5 Content and Characteristics of the Special Law
		8.5.1 Inter-Sectoral Inclusiveness
		8.5.2 Public Establishment Under the Special Law, in Charge of the Conservation and Restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris
		8.5.3 Duties and Challenges of the Public Establishment in Charge of the Conservation and Restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris
		8.5.4 Decision-Making and Leadership in the Conservation and Restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Part III Governance through the Building of Local Systems in Post-trauma Situations
9 Introduction
10 The ICOMOS-ICCROM Studies Project on Post-disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Situations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Developing a Framework for Analysis: The Matrix for the Compilation of Case Studies in Recovery and Reconstruction
		10.2.1 The Kasubi Tombs, Kampala, Uganda
	10.3 The ICOMOS-ICCROM Project: Analysis of Case Studies in Recovery and Reconstruction
		10.3.1 Mexico: Reconstruction of the Symbolic and Physical Space of the Temple of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción of Santa María Acapulco
		10.3.2 Syria: Reconstruction of Suq al-Saqatiyya, Aleppo
		10.3.3 Some Additional Comments on the Studies
		10.3.4 Summary Conclusions of the Analysis Project
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Community and the Reconstruction Process After the Kumamoto Earthquake
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Cultural Heritage Protection as a Challenge for Current Disaster Legislation in Japan
		11.2.1 Restoration and Conservation of Damaged Cultural Heritage Missing from Disaster Countermeasures
		11.2.2 The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties and Disasters
		11.2.3 Issues Related to Field-Level Responses
	11.3 Efforts to Preserve Cultural Heritage Damaged by the Kumamoto Earthquake in the Shinmachi and Furumachi Areas of Kumamoto City
		11.3.1 Response to the Cultural Heritage Affected by the Kumamoto Earthquake
		11.3.2 Support Systems for Disaster Recovery and Conservation of Damaged Cultural Heritage and Their Problems
		11.3.3 Case Studies of the Reconstruction Process of Damaged Historical Townhouses in the Shinmachi and Furumachi Areas, Kumamoto City
	11.4 Requirements for Locating the Restoration and Preservation of Damaged Cultural Heritage in Disaster Legislation
		11.4.1 Development of Support System for the Conservation and Restoration of Undesignated Cultural Heritage
		11.4.2 Coordination Among Different Support Systems to Enable “Juggling” of Support
		11.4.3 Building a Human Network to Connect Owners, Experts, and Government
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Impacts to Society Around Cultural Heritage in Post-trauma Situations: Reactions of Different Stakeholders in the Reconstruction Process in the Cases of Shuri-jō Castle and Wangduephodrang Dzong
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Cultural Heritage Protection in Bhutan
		12.2.1 History of Cultural Heritage Administration
		12.2.2 Current Heritage Site Legislation
		12.2.3 Current Heritage Site Administration
	12.3 Overview of Wangduephodrang Dzong
		12.3.1 Establishment of Wangduephodrang Dzong
		12.3.2 Architecture of Wangduephodrang Dzong
		12.3.3 Wangduephodrang Dzong Conservation Project in the Tenth Five-Year Plan
	12.4 Loss of Wangduephodrang Dzong
		12.4.1 Fire and Response
		12.4.2 Perceptions of the Loss
	12.5 Process of Decision-Making and Where People’s Interests Lie
		12.5.1 Reuse of the Remaining Masonry Walls
		12.5.2 Improvements in Disaster Resilience
		12.5.3 Insights from the Policy-Making Process
	12.6 Overview of Shuri-jō Castle
		12.6.1 History of Shuri-jō Castle
		12.6.2 Changes in the State Hall in the Kingdom
		12.6.3 Postwar Reconstruction
		12.6.4 Management of Shuri-jō Castle
	12.7 Loss of Shuri-jō Castle
		12.7.1 Fire and Response
		12.7.2 Perception of the Loss
	12.8 Reconstruction Policy and Where People's Interests Lie
		12.8.1 Reconstruction Policy
		12.8.2 What People Are Interested In?
		12.8.3 Background of the Interest
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
13 Social Aspects of the Cultural  Heritage and the Process of Recovery—Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral and Shuri-jô Castle
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Authenticity and Social Aspect of the Cultural Heritage
	13.3 Conclusion
	Reference