Porth's pathophysiology concepts of altered health states

Cover
Half Title Page
Title: Porth’s Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, Ninth Edition
ISBN 9781451146004
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
To the Reader
Acknowledgments
Contents
UNIT I: Concepts of Health and Disease
	CHAPTER 1: Concepts of Health and Disease
		CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
		Health
		Disease
		HEALTH AND DISEASE IN POPULATIONS
		Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease
		Determination of Risk Factors
		Natural History
		Preventing Disease
		Evidence-Based Practice and Practice Guidelines
		References
	CHAPTER 2: Concepts of Altered Health in Children
		GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
		Prenatal Growth and Development
		Birth Weight and Gestational Age
		INFANCY
		Growth and Development
		Health Problems of the Neonate
		Health Problems of the Infant
		EARLY CHILDHOOD
		Growth and Development
		MIDDLE TO LATE CHILDHOOD
		Growth and Development
		Common Health Problems
		ADOLESCENCE
		Growth and Development
		Common Health Problems
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 3: Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults
		THE OLDER ADULT AND THEORIES OF AGING
		Who Are Older Adults?
		Theories of Aging
		PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES OF AGING
		Integumentary Changes
		Stature and Musculoskeletal Function
		Cardiovascular Function
		Respiratory Function
		Neurologic Function
		Special Sensory Function
		Immune Function
		Gastrointestinal Function
		Renal Function
		Genitourinary Function
		FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
		Functional Assessment
		Urinary Incontinence
		Instability and Falls
		Sensory Impairment
		Depression
		Dementia
		Delirium
		DRUG THERAPY IN THE OLDER ADULT
		Factors Contributing to Adverse Drug Reactions
		Strategies to Enhance Therapeutic Effects and Prevent Harm
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT II: Cell Function and Growth
	CHAPTER 4: Cell and Tissue Characteristics
		FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE CELL
		Protoplasm
		The Nucleus
		The Cytoplasm and Its Organelles
		The Cytoskeleton
		The Cell (Plasma) Membrane
		INTEGRATION OF CELL FUNCTION AND REPLICATION
		Cell Communication
		Cell Receptors
		The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
		Cell Metabolism and Energy Sources
		MOVEMENT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
		Movement of Substances across the Cell Membrane
		Membrane Potentials
		BODY TISUES
		Cell Differentiation
		Embryonic Origin of Tissue Types
		Epithelial Tissue
		Connective or Supportive Tissue
		Muscle Tissue
		Nervous Tissue
		Extracellular Tissue Components
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 5: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
		CELLULAR ADAPTATION
		Atrophy
		Hypertrophy
		Hyperplasia
		Metaplasia
		Dysplasia
		Intracellular Accumulations
		Pathologic Calcifications
		CELL INJURY AND DEATH
		Causes of Cell Injury
		Mechanisms of Cell Injury
		Reversible Cell Injury and Cell Death
		Cellular Aging
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 6: Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance
		GENETIC CONTROL OF CELL FUNCTION
		DNA Structure and Function
		From Genes to Proteins
		CHROMOSOMES
		Cell Division
		Chromosome Structure
		PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
		Definitions
		Genetic Imprinting
		Mendel’s Laws
		Pedigree
		GENE TECHNOLOGY
		Genetic Mapping
		Recombinant DNA Technology
		RNA Interference Technology
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 7: Genetic and Congenital Disorders
		GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
		Single-Gene Disorders
		Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders
		Chromosomal Disorders
		Mitochondrial Gene Disorders
		DISORDERS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
		Period of Vulnerability
		Teratogenic Agents
		Folic Acid Deficiency
		DIAGNOSIS AND COUNSELING
		Genetic Assessment
		Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 8: Neoplasia
		CONCEPTS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH
		The Cell Cycle
		Cell Proliferation
		Cell Differentiation
		CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
		Terminology
		Benign Neoplasms
		Malignant Neoplasms
		ETIOLOGY OF CANCER
		Genetic and Molecular Basis of Cancer
		Host and Environmental Factors
		CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
		Tissue Integrity
		Systemic Manifestations
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes
		SCREENING, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT
		Screening
		Diagnostic Methods
		Cancer Treatment
		CHILDHOOD CANCERS
		Incidence and Types
		Biology of Childhood Cancers
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT III: Disorders of Integrative Function
	CHAPTER 9: Stress and Adaptation
		HOMEOSTASIS
		Constancy of the Internal Environment
		Control Systems
		Feedback Systems
		STRESS AND ADAPTATION
		The Stress Response
		Coping and Adaptation to Stress
		DISORDERS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE
		Effects of Acute Stress
		Effects of Chronic Stress
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Treatment and Research of Stress Disorders
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 10: Alterations in Temperature Regulation
		BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
		Mechanisms of Heat Production
		Mechanisms of Heat Loss
		INCREASED BODY TEMPERATURE
		Fever
		Hyperthermia
		DECREASED BODY TEMPERATURE
		Hypothermia
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 11: Activity Tolerance and Fatigue
		EXERCISE AND ACTIVITY TOLERANCE
		Types of Exercise
		Physiologic and Psychological Responses of Exercise
		Assessment of Activity and Exercise Tolerance
		Exercise and Activity Tolerance in Older Adults
		ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE AND FATIGUE
		Mechanisms of Fatigue
		Acute Physical Fatigue
		Chronic Fatigue
		BED REST AND IMMOBILITY
		Physiologic Effects of Bed Rest
		Time Course of Physiologic Responses
		Psychosocial Responses
		Management of People Who Are Immobile or on Bed Rest
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT IV: Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity
	CHAPTER 12: Mechanisms of Infectious Disease
		INFECTIOUS DISEASES
		Terminology
		Agents of Infectious Disease
		MECHANISMS OF INFECTION
		Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
		Portal of Entry
		Source
		Symptomatology
		Disease Course
		Site of Infection
		Virulence Factors
		DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		BIOTERRORISM AND EMERGING GLOBAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
		Bioterrorism
		Global Infectious Diseases
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 13: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
		THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
		Cytokines and Their Role in Immunity
		INNATE IMMUNITY
		Epithelial Barriers
		Cells of Innate Immunity
		Pathogen Recognition
		Soluble Mediators of Innate Immunity
		The Complement System
		ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
		Antigens
		Cells of Adaptive Immunity
		B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
		T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity
		Lymphoid Organs
		Active versus Passive Immunity
		Regulation of the Adaptive Immune Response
		DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
		Transfer of Immunity from Mother to Infant
		Immune Response in the Older Adult
		References
	CHAPTER 14: Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing
		THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
		Acute Inflammation
		Chronic Inflammation
		Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
		TISSUE REPAIR AND WOUND HEALING
		Tissue Repair
		Wound Healing
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 15: Disorders of the Immune Response
		IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
		Humoral (B Cell) Immunodeficiencies
		Cell-Mediated (T Cell) Immunodeficiencies
		Combined T-Cell and B-Cell Immunodeficiencies
		Disorders of the Complement System
		Disorders of Phagocytosis
		Stem Cell Transplantation
		HYPERSENSITIVITY DISORDERS
		Type I, Immediate Hypersensitivity Disorders
		Type II, Antibody-Mediated Disorders
		Type III, Immune Complex–Mediated Disorders
		Type IV, Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Disorders
		Latex Allergy
		TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
		Mechanisms Involved in Transplant Rejection
		AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
		Immunologic Tolerance
		Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease
		Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Disease
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 16: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
		THE AIDS EPIDEMIC AND TRANSMISSION OF HIV INFECTION
		Emergence of AIDS
		Transmission of HIV Infection
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL COURSE
		Molecular and Biologic Features of HIV
		Classification and Phases of HIV Infection
		Clinical Course
		PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT
		Prevention
		Diagnostic Methods
		Treatment
		HIV INFECTION IN PREGNANCY AND IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
		Preventing Perinatal HIV Transmission
		Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Children
		Clinical Presentation of HIV Infection in Children
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT V: Disorders of Neural 
Function
	CHAPTER 17: Organization and Control of Neural Function
		NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS
		Neurons
		Neuroglial Cells
		Metabolic Requirements of Nervous Tissue
		NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
		Action Potentials
		Synaptic Transmission
		Messenger Molecules
		DEVELOPMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
		Embryonic Development
		Segmental Organization
		STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
		Spinal Cord
		The Brain
		THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
		Autonomic Efferent Pathways
		Sympathetic Nervous System
		Parasympathetic Nervous System
		Central Integrative Pathways
		Autonomic Neurotransmission
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 18: Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache
		ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF SOMATOSENSORY FUNCTION
		Sensory Systems
		Sensory Modalities
		Clinical Assessment of Somatosensory Function
		PAIN
		Pain Theories
		Pain Mechanisms and Pathways
		Pain Threshold and Tolerance
		Types of Pain
		Assessment of Pain
		Management of Pain
		ALTERATIONS IN PAIN SENSITIVITY AND SPECIAL TYPES OF PAIN
		Alterations in Pain Sensitivity
		Special Types of Pain
		HEADACHE AND ASSOCIATED PAIN
		Headache
		Migraine Headache
		Cluster Headache
		Tension-Type Headache
		Chronic Daily Headache
		Temporomandibular Joint Pain
		PAIN IN CHILDREN AND OLDER ADULTS
		Pain in Children
		Pain in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 19: Disorders of Motor Function
		ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF MOTOR FUNCTION
		Organization of Movement
		The Motor Unit
		Spinal Reflexes
		Motor Pathways
		Assessment of Motor Function
		DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR UNIT
		Skeletal Muscle Disorders
		Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
		Lower Motor Neuron Disorders
		Peripheral Nerve Disorders
		DISORDERS OF THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA
		Disorders of the Cerebellum
		Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
		UPPER MOTOR NEURON DISORDERS
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 20: Disorders of Brain Function
		MANIFESTATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF BRAIN INJURY
		Manifestations of Brain Injury
		Mechanisms of Brain Injury
		TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
		Primary and Secondary Brain Injuries
		Hematomas
		CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
		Cerebral Circulation
		Stroke (Brain Attack)
		INFECTIONS AND NEOPLASMS
		Infections
		Brain Tumors
		SEIZURE DISORDERS
		Etiology
		Classification
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Status Epilepticus
		Nonconvulsive Seizures
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 21: Sleep and Sleep Disorders
		NEUROBIOLOGY OF SLEEP
		Neural Structures and Pathways
		The Sleep–Wake Cycle
		Circadian Rhythms
		Melatonin
		SLEEP DISORDERS
		Diagnostic Methods
		Circadian Rhythm Disorders
		Insomnia
		Narcolepsy
		Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
		Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
		Parasomnias
		SLEEP AND SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND OLDER ADULTS
		Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children
		Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 22: Disorders of Thought, Emotion, and Memory
		PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
		Incidence and Prevalence
		The Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders
		Understanding Psychiatric Disorders
		TYPES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
		Schizophrenia
		Mood Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
		Substance Use Disorders
		DISORDERS OF MEMORY AND COGNITION
		Normal Cognitive Aging
		Dementia
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT VI: Disorders of Special Sensory Function
	CHAPTER 23: Disorders of Visual Function
		DISORDERS OF THE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
		Disorders of the Eyelids
		Disorders of the Lacrimal System
		DISORDERS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA, CORNEA, AND UVEAL TRACT
		Disorders of the Conjunctiva
		Disorders of the Cornea
		Disorders of the Uveal Tract
		The Pupil and Pupillary Reflexes
		INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND GLAUCOMA
		Control of Intraocular Pressure
		Glaucoma
		DISORDERS OF THE LENS AND LENS FUNCTION
		Disorders of Refraction and Accommodation
		Cataracts
		DISORDERS OF THE VITREOUS AND RETINA
		Disorders of the Vitreous
		Disorders of the Retina
		DISORDERS OF NEURAL PATHWAYS AND CORTICAL CENTERS
		Optic Pathways
		Visual Cortex
		Visual Fields
		DISORDERS OF EYE MOVEMENT
		Extraocular Eye Muscles and Their Innervation
		Strabismus
		Amblyopia
		Eye Examination in Infants and Children
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 24: Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function
		DISORDERS OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
		Disorders of the External Ear
		Disorders of the Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube
		Disorders of the Inner Ear
		Disorders of the Central Auditory Pathways
		Hearing Loss
		DISORDERS OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
		The Vestibular System and Vestibular Reflexes
		Vertigo
		Motion Sickness
		Disorders of Peripheral Vestibular Function
		Disorders of Central Vestibular Function
		Diagnosis and Treatment of Vestibular Disorders
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT VII: Disorders of the Hematopoietic System
	CHAPTER 25: Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System
		COMPOSITION OF BLOOD AND FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS
		Plasma
		Blood Cells
		Formation of Blood Cells (Hematopoiesis)
		DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
		Blood Count
		Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
		Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 26: Disorders of Hemostasis
		MECHANISMS OF HEMOSTASIS
		Vascular Constriction
		Formation of the Platelet Plug
		Blood Coagulation
		Clot Retraction
		Clot Dissolution
		HYPERCOAGULABILITY STATES
		Hypercoagulability Associated with Increased Platelet Function
		Hypercoagulability Associated with Increased Clotting Activity
		BLEEDING DISORDERS
		Bleeding Associated with Platelet Disorders
		Bleeding Associated with Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
		Bleeding Associated with Vascular Disorders
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 27: Disorders of Red Blood Cells
		THE RED BLOOD CELL
		Hemoglobin Synthesis
		Red Cell Production
		Red Cell Destruction
		Red Cell Metabolism and Hemoglobin Oxidation
		Laboratory Tests
		BLOOD TYPES AND TRANSFUSION THERAPY
		ABO Blood Groups
		Rh Types
		Blood Transfusion Reactions
		ANEMIA
		Blood Loss Anemia
		Hemolytic Anemias
		Anemias of Deficient Red Cell Production
		POLYCYTHEMIA
		Absolute Polycythemia—Primary
		Absolute Polycythemia—Secondary
		AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN RED BLOOD CELLS
		Red Cell Changes in the Neonate
		Red Cell Changes With Aging
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 28: Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues
		HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES
		Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
		Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis
		Lymphoid Tissues
		NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
		Neutropenia (Agranulocytosis)
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS OF LYMPHOID AND HEMATOPOIETIC ORIGIN
		Malignant Lymphomas
		Leukemias
		Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT VIII: Disorders of Cardiovascular Function
	CHAPTER 29: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
		ORGANIZATION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
		Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
		Volume and Pressure Distribution
		PRINCIPLES OF BLOOD FLOW
		Relationships between Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance
		Wall Tension, Radius, and Pressure
		Distention and Compliance
		THE HEART AS A PUMP
		Functional Anatomy of the Heart
		Cardiac Cycle
		Regulation of Cardiac Performance
		THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION AND CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
		Blood Vessels
		Arterial System
		Venous System
		Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow
		THE MICROCIRCULATION AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		Structure and Function of the Microcirculation
		Capillary–Interstitial Fluid Exchange
		The Lymphatic System
		NEURAL CONTROL OF CIRCULATORY FUNCTION
		Autonomic Nervous System Regulation
		Central Nervous System Responses
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 30: Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation
		BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
		Endothelial Cells
		Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
		DISORDERS OF THE ARTERIAL CIRCULATION
		Hyperlipidemia
		Atherosclerosis
		Vasculitis
		Polyarteritis Nodosa
		Giant Cell Temporal Arteritis
		Arterial Disease of the Extremities
		Acute Arterial Occlusion
		Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease
		Thromboangiitis Obliterans
		Raynaud Disease and Phenomenon
		Aneurysms
		Aortic Aneurysms
		Aortic Dissection
		DISORDERS OF THE VENOUS CIRCULATION
		Varicose Veins
		Chronic Venous Insufficiency
		Venous Thrombosis
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 31: Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation
		THE ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
		Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation
		Blood Pressure Measurement
		HYPERTENSION
		Primary (Essential) Hypertension
		Systolic Hypertension
		Secondary Hypertension
		Malignant Hypertension
		High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy
		High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents
		High Blood Pressure in Older Adults
		ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
		Pathogenesis
		Etiology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 32: Disorders of Cardiac Function
		DISORDERS OF THE PERICARDIUM
		Acute Pericarditis
		Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
		Constrictive Pericarditis
		CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
		Coronary Circulation
		Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
		CARDIOMYOPATHIES
		Primary Cardiomyopathies
		Secondary Cardiomyopathies
		INFECTIOUS AND IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
		Infective Endocarditis
		Rheumatic Heart Disease
		VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
		Hemodynamic Derangements
		Mitral Valve Disorders
		Aortic Valve Disorders
		HEART DISEASE IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
		Embryonic Development of the Heart
		Fetal and Perinatal Circulation
		Congenital Heart Defects
		Kawasaki Disease
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 33: Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm
		CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
		Action Potentials
		Electrocardiography
		DISORDERS OF CARDIAC RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION
		Mechanisms of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders
		Types of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders
		Diagnostic Methods
		Treatment
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 34: Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock
		HEART FAILURE
		Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
		Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
		Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		CIRCULATORY FAILURE (SHOCK)
		Pathophysiology of Circulatory Shock
		Cardiogenic Shock
		Hypovolemic Shock
		Distributive Shock
		Obstructive Shock
		Complications of Shock
		HEART FAILURE IN CHILDREN AND OLDER ADULTS
		Heart Failure in Infants and Children
		Heart Failure in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT IX: Disorders of Respiratory Function
	CHAPTER 35: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
		STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Conducting Airways
		Lungs and Respiratory Airways
		Pulmonary Vasculature and Lymphatic Supply
		Innervation
		Pleura
		EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE LUNGS
		Basic Properties of Gases
		Ventilation and the Mechanics of Breathing
		Lung Volumes
		Pulmonary Function Studies
		Efficiency and the Work of Breathing
		EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT OF GASES
		Ventilation
		Perfusion
		Mismatching of Ventilation and Perfusion
		Diffusion
		Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
		CONTROL OF BREATHING
		Respiratory Center
		Regulation of Breathing
		Cough Reflex
		Dyspnea
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 36: Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders
		RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
		The Common Cold
		Rhinosinusitis
		Influenza
		Pneumonias
		Tuberculosis
		Fungal Infections
		CANCER OF THE LUNG
		Histologic Subtypes and Pathogenesis
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
		Lung Development
		Manifestations of Respiratory Disorders or Infection in the Infant or Small Child
		Respiratory Disorders in the Neonate
		Respiratory Infections in Children
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 37: Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange
		PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF VENTILATION AND DIFFUSION DISORDERS
		Hypoxemia
		Hypercapnia
		DISORDERS OF LUNG INFLATION
		Disorders of the Pleura
		Atelectasis
		OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISORDERS
		Physiology of Airway Disease
		Asthma
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Bronchiectasis
		Cystic Fibrosis
		CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL (RESTRICTIVE) LUNG DISEASES
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Diseases
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Occupational and Environmental Interstitial Lung Diseases
		Sarcoidosis
		DISORDERS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
		Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Hypertension
		Cor Pulmonale
		ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
		Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		Acute Respiratory Failure
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT X: Disorders of Renal Function and Fluids and Electrolytes
	CHAPTER 38: Structure and Function of the Kidney
		KIDNEY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
		Gross Structure and Location
		Renal Blood Supply
		The Nephron
		Urine Formation
		Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
		Elimination Functions of the Kidney
		Endocrine Functions of the Kidney
		Action of Diuretics
		TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
		Urine Tests
		Glomerular Filtration Rate
		Blood Tests
		Cystoscopy
		Ultrasonography
		Radiologic and Other Imaging Studies
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 39: Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
		COMPOSITION AND COMPARTMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS
		Dissociation of Electrolytes
		Diffusion and Osmosis
		Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids
		Capillary–Interstitial Fluid Exchange
		SODIUM AND WATER BALANCE
		Body Water Balance
		Sodium Balance
		Mechanisms of Regulation
		Thirst and Antidiuretic Hormone
		Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance
		POTASSIUM BALANCE
		Regulation of Potassium Balance
		Disorders of Potassium Balance
		CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND MAGNESIUM BALANCE
		Mechanisms Regulating Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Balance
		Disorders of Calcium Balance
		Disorders of Phosphorus Balance
		Disorders of Magnesium Balance
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 40: Disorders of Acid–Base Balance
		MECHANISMS OF ACID–BASE BALANCE
		Acid–Base Chemistry
		Metabolic Acid and Bicarbonate Production
		Calculation of pH
		Regulation of pH
		Laboratory Tests
		DISORDERS OF ACID–BASE BALANCE
		Metabolic Versus Respiratory Acid–Base Disorders
		Compensatory Mechanisms
		Metabolic Acidosis
		Metabolic Alkalosis
		Respiratory Acidosis
		Respiratory Alkalosis
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 41: Disorders of Renal Function
		CONGENITAL AND INHERITED DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEYS
		Congenital Disorders of the Kidneys
		Inherited Cystic Kidney Diseases
		Simple and Acquired Renal Cysts
		OBSTRUCTIVE DISORDERS
		Mechanisms of Renal Damage
		Renal Calculi
		URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
		Etiology and Pathogenesis
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Infections in Special Populations
		DISORDERS OF GLOMERULAR FUNCTION
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury
		Types of Glomerular Disease
		Glomerular Lesions Associated with Systemic Disease
		TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISORDERS
		Renal Tubular Acidosis
		Pyelonephritis
		Drug-Related Nephropathies
		MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY
		Wilms Tumor
		Renal Cell Carcinoma
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 42: Acute Renal Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
		ACUTE RENAL INJURY
		Types of Acute Renal Injury
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
		Definition and Classification
		Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Other Indicators of Renal Function
		Clinical Manifestations
		Treatment
		CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND OLDER ADULTS
		Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
		Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 43: Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract
		CONTROL OF URINE ELIMINATION
		Bladder Structure
		Neural Control of Bladder Function
		Diagnostic Methods of Evaluating Bladder Structure and Function
		ALTERATIONS IN BLADDER FUNCTION
		Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction and Stasis
		Neurogenic Bladder Disorders
		Urinary Incontinence
		CANCER OF THE BLADDER
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT XI: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function
	CHAPTER 44: Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
		STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
		Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
		Middle Gastrointestinal Tract
		Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
		Gastrointestinal Wall Structure
		MOTILITY
		Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
		Swallowing and Esophageal Motility
		Gastric Motility
		Small Intestinal Motility
		Colonic Motility and Defecation
		HORMONAL, SECRETORY, AND DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS
		Gastrointestinal Hormones
		Gastrointestinal Secretions
		Intestinal Flora
		DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
		Carbohydrate Absorption
		Fat Absorption
		Protein Absorption
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 45: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function
		COMMON MANIFESTATIONS OF GI DISORDERS ANOREXIA, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING
		Anorexia
		Nausea
		Retching and Vomiting
		DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
		Congenital Anomalies
		Dysphagia
		Esophageal Diverticulum
		Tears (Mallory-Weiss Syndrome)
		Hiatal Hernia
		Gastroesophageal Reflux
		Cancer of the Esophagus
		DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH
		Gastric Mucosal Barrier
		Gastritis
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Cancer of the Stomach
		DISORDERS OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Infectious Enterocolitis
		Diverticular Disease
		Appendicitis
		Alterations in Intestinal Motility
		Alterations in Intestinal Absorption
		Neoplasms
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 46: Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function
		THE LIVER AND HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
		Metabolic Functions of the Liver
		Bile Production and Cholestasis
		Bilirubin Elimination and Jaundice
		Tests of Hepatobiliary Function
		DISORDERS OF HEPATIC AND BILIARY FUNCTION
		Hepatotoxic Disorders
		Viral Hepatitis
		Autoimmune Hepatitis
		Intrahepatic Biliary Disorders
		Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease
		Cirrhosis, Portal Hypertension, and Liver Failure
		Cancer of the Liver
		DISORDERS OF THE GALLBLADDER AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS
		Disorders of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
		Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 47: Alterations in Nutritional Status
		NUTRITIONAL STATUS
		Energy Metabolism
		Energy Storage
		Energy Expenditure
		NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
		Dietary Reference Intakes
		Nutritional Needs
		Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
		OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
		Body Mass Index
		Causes of Obesity
		Types of Obesity
		Health Risks Associated with Obesity
		Prevention and Treatment of Obesity
		UNDERNUTRITION AND EATING DISORDERS
		Malnutrition and Starvation
		Eating Disorders
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT XII: Disorders of Endocrine Function
	CHAPTER 48: Mechanisms of Endocrine Control
		THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
		Hormones
		Control of Hormone Levels
		Diagnostic Tests
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 49: Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
		GENERAL ASPECTS OF ALTERED ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
		Hypofunction and Hyperfunction
		Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Disorders
		PITUITARY AND GROWTH DISORDERS
		Assessment of Hypothalamic–Pituitary Function
		Pituitary Tumors
		Hypopituitarism
		Growth and Growth Hormone Disorders
		Isosexual Precocious Puberty
		THYROID DISORDERS
		Control of Thyroid Function
		Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
		DISORDERS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION
		Control of Adrenal Cortical Function
		Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
		Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
		Glucocorticoid Hormone Excess (Cushing Syndrome)
		Incidental Adrenal Mass
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 50: Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome
		HORMONAL CONTROL OF GLUCOSE, FAT, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
		Glucose, Fat, and Protein Metabolism
		Glucose-Regulating Hormones
		DIABETES MELLITUS
		Classification and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
		Diagnostic Tests
		Treatment
		Acute Complications of Diabetes
		Counter-Regulatory Mechanisms and the Somogyi Effect and Dawn Phenomenon
		Chronic Complications
		Infections
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT XIII: Disorders of Genitourinary and Reproductive Function
	CHAPTER 51: Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System
		STRUCTURE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		Embryonic Development
		Testes and Scrotum
		Genital Duct System
		Accessory Organs
		Penis
		SPERMATOGENESIS AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
		Spermatogenesis
		Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function
		NEURAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL FUNCTION AND CHANGES WITH AGING
		Neural Control
		Changes with Aging
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 52: Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
		DISORDERS OF THE PENIS
		Congenital and Acquired Disorders
		Disorders of Erectile Function
		Cancer of the Penis
		DISORDERS OF THE SCROTUM AND TESTES
		Congenital and Acquired Disorders
		Infection and Inflammation
		Neoplasms
		DISORDERS OF THE PROSTATE
		Infection and Inflammation
		Hyperplasia and Neoplasms
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 53: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
		REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
		External Genitalia
		Internal Genitalia
		MENSTRUAL CYCLE
		Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
		Ovarian Follicle Development and Ovulation
		Endometrial Changes
		Cervical Mucus Changes
		Menopause
		BREASTS
		Structure and Function
		Changes During Pregnancy and Lactation
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 54: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
		DISORDERS OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND VAGINA
		Disorders of the External Genitalia
		Disorders of the Vagina
		DISORDERS OF THE CERVIX AND UTERUS
		Disorders of the Uterine Cervix
		Disorders of the Uterus
		DISORDERS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES AND OVARIES
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Ectopic Pregnancy
		Cancer of the Fallopian Tube
		Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
		DISORDERS OF PELVIC SUPPORT AND UTERINE POSITION
		Disorders of Pelvic Support
		Variations in Uterine Position
		MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
		Dysfunctional Menstrual Cycles
		Amenorrhea
		Dysmenorrhea
		Premenstrual Symptom Disorders
		DISORDERS OF THE BREAST
		Galactorrhea
		Mastitis
		Ductal Disorders
		Fibroadenoma and Fibrocystic Changes
		Breast Cancer
		INFERTILITY
		Male Factors
		Female Factors
		Assisted Reproductive Technologies
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 55: Sexually Transmitted Infections
		INFECTIONS OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
		Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
		Genital Herpes
		Molluscum Contagiosum
		Chancroid
		Granuloma Inguinale
		Lymphogranuloma Venereum
		VAGINAL INFECTIONS
		Candidiasis
		Trichomoniasis
		Bacterial Vaginosis
		VAGINAL–UROGENITAL–SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
		Chlamydial Infections
		Gonorrhea
		Syphilis
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT XIV: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function
	CHAPTER 56: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
		BONY STRUCTURES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
		Bone Structures
		Bone Tissue
		Cartilage
		Hormonal Control of Bone Formation and Metabolism
		ARTICULATIONS AND JOINTS
		Tendons and Ligaments
		Types of Joints
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 57: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms
		INJURY AND TRAUMA OF MUSCULOSKELETAL STRUCTURES
		Athletic Injuries
		Soft Tissue Injuries
		Joint (Musculotendinous) Injuries
		Fractures
		Complications of Fractures and Other Musculoskeletal Injuries
		BONE INFECTIONS
		Osteomyelitis
		Tuberculosis of the Bone or Joint
		OSTEONECROSIS
		Etiology and Pathogenesis
		Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment
		NEOPLASMS
		Characteristics of Bone Tumors
		Benign Neoplasms
		Malignant Bone Tumors
		Metastatic Bone Disease
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 58: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Developmental and Metabolic Disorders
		ALTERATIONS IN SKELETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
		Bone Growth and Remodeling
		Alterations during Normal Growth Periods
		Hereditary and Congenital Deformities
		Juvenile Osteochondroses
		Scoliosis
		METABOLIC BONE DISEASE
		Osteopenia
		Osteoporosis
		Osteomalacia and Rickets
		Paget Disease
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 59: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders
		SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Systemic Sclerosis/Scleroderma
		Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
		SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES
		Ankylosing Spondylitis
		Reactive Arthropathies
		Psoriatic Arthritis
		Enteropathic Arthritis
		OSTEOARTHRITIS SYNDROME
		Epidemiology and Risk Factors
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHROPATHIES
		Gout
		RHEUMATIC DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND OLDER ADULTS
		Rheumatic Diseases in Children
		Rheumatic Diseases in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
UNIT XV: Disorders of Integumentary Function
	CHAPTER 60: Structure and Function of the Skin
		STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
		Skin Structures
		Skin Appendages
		Functions of the Skin
		MANIFESTATIONS OF SKIN DISORDERS
		Lesions and Rashes
		Pruritus
		Dry Skin
		Skin Variations in Dark-Skinned People
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
	CHAPTER 61: Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function
		PRIMARY DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
		Pigmentary Skin Disorders
		Infectious Processes
		Acne and Rosacea
		Allergic and Hypersensitivity Dermatoses
		Papulosquamous Dermatoses
		Arthropod Infestations
		ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION, THERMAL, AND PRESSURE INJURY
		Skin Damage Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation
		Thermal Injury
		Pressure Ulcers
		NEVI AND SKIN CANCERS
		Nevi
		Skin Cancer
		AGE-RELATED SKIN MANIFESTATIONS
		Skin Manifestations of Infancy and Childhood
		Skin Manifestations and Disorders in Older Adults
		REVIEW EXERCISES
		References
Appendix: Lab Values
Glossary
Index