Porcelain Analysis and Its Role in the Forensic Attribution of Ceramic Specimens

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Setting the Scene: Analytical Data and Connoisseurship for Attribution in Art
	1.2 Application to Ceramics and Porcelains
	1.3 The Growth of English and European Porcelains in the Eighteenth Century
	1.4 Body Compositions of Early Porcelains
	1.5 Key Analytical Markers for Porcelain Identification
	1.6 Raw Material Composition
	1.7 The Requirement for an Analytical Protocol for Porcelain Attribution
	1.8 Is There a Need for Analytical Data Input for the Definitive Porcelain Attribution for Unknown Specimens?
	References
Chapter 2: Chinese Porcelains and their Early European Competitors
	2.1 Early Porcelain Manufacture in China
	2.2 The European Challenge to Imported Chinese Porcelains
		2.2.1 Straits Chinese Porcelain
	2.3 The Export of Chinese Porcelain to Europe Through Canton and Nanking
	2.4 Portuguese Shipments of Chinese Porcelain
	2.5 The Early European Response
	2.6 Aristocratic Financial Support for European Manufactories
	2.7 Early French Soft Paste Porcelain Compositions
	References
Chapter 3: Establishing the Historical Baseline Chronology for European Porcelains
	3.1 The Earliest European Porcelain Manufactory: The Medici Manufactory at Florence
	3.2 The First English Porcelain Manufactory at Fulham?
	3.3 The First French Porcelain Manufactory at Rouen
	3.4 St Cloud Porcelain
	3.5 Meissen Porcelain
	3.6 Pomona, Chelsea, Limehouse and Bow
		3.6.1 Pomona, Newcastle-Under Lyme
		3.6.2 Bow, Stratford, London
		3.6.3 Chelsea Porcelain
			3.6.3.1 The Chelsea Porcelain ``Young Girl´s Head´´ or ``Head of a Laughing Child´´
		3.6.4 Limehouse
	3.7 Other Selected Porcelain Manufactories
		3.7.1 Austria
		3.7.2 Italy
		3.7.3 Spain
		3.7.4 Bohemia
		3.7.5 Russia, St Petersburg
		3.7.6 The Netherlands
		3.7.7 Switzerland
		3.7.8 Other Porcelain Manufactories
	3.8 Summary and Conclusions from a Background Comparison of Early Porcelain Manufactories
	References
Chapter 4: Types of Porcelain and Their Elemental Oxide Compositions
	4.1 Types of Porcelain
	4.2 Compositional Differentiation of Porcelains
	4.3 The Role of the External Decorating Workshop
	4.4 An Analytical Mantra
	4.5 The Concept of Accuracy, Error, Detection Limits and Precision in Analytical Measurements and Their Importance for Porcela...
	4.6 The Concept of Ratios of Analytical Data
	References
Chapter 5: Analytical Science and Case Studies of Porcelains
	5.1 The Groundwork for Debate in a Holistic Study
	References
Chapter 6: Case Studies I. Analytical Data Which Have Materially Contributed Towards the Factory Attribution of Porcelain Spec...
	6.1 The Burghley House Jars: The Earliest English Porcelain Survivors?
		6.1.1 The Burghley House Scenario
			6.1.1.1 The Personae and Their Chronology
		6.1.2 Background to the Analyses
		6.1.3 The Burghley House Jars: The Analyses
		6.1.4 The Arnhold Teabowl
		6.1.5 Conclusions
	6.2 A Unique Rockingham Porcelain Table
		6.2.1 Wentworth Castle and Wentworth Woodhouse
		6.2.2 Conclusions
	6.3 A Rare Nantgarw Porcelain Trumpet Spill Vase?
	References
	References for Section 6.1
	References for Section 6.2
	References for Section 6.3
Chapter 7: Case Studies II: Analytical Data Which Have Revealed that Significant Revision Is Required to the Perceived Histori...
	7.1 Nantgarw Porcelain: An Exclusively Soft Paste Phosphatic Body?
		7.1.1 Soft Paste Nantgarw China: The Historical Belief
		7.1.2 The Curious Case of Hard Paste Nantgarw China
		7.1.3 Conclusions
	7.2 An Analytical Conundrum: Anatase in Ming Porcelain Shards. What Surprises Lie in Wait for an Unsuspecting Analyst?
		7.2.1 Conclusions
	7.3 The Strange Case and Ongoing Saga of Bow and Factory-A Marked Porcelains: Can these Actually be One and the Same Manufacto...
		7.3.1 The ``Factory A´´ Marked Porcelains
	References
	References for Section 7.1
	References for Section 7.2
	References for Section 7.3
Chapter 8: Case Studies III: Analytical Data Which Have Revealed That a Significant Revision Is Required to the Historical Kno...
	8.1 Analysis of a Rare Pendock-Barry, Barry- Barry Derby Porcelain Plate
		8.1.1 Genealogy of the Pendock Family
		8.1.2 Estimated Date of Manufacture of the Barry Barry Service from Genealogical and Heraldic Evidence
		8.1.3 Analytical Studies of the Barry-Barry Service Porcelain
	8.2 Ballerina on Porcelain: A Rara Avis, But Where Did It Come From?
		8.2.1 Setting the Scene
		8.2.2 A History of Ballet
		8.2.3 Dancers Depicted on Porcelain
		8.2.4 Porcelain Spill Vase: Potential Factories
		8.2.5 Analytical Information from Raman Spectroscopic Analysis
		8.2.6 Conclusions
	8.3 Meissen Hard Paste Porcelain: A Similar Composition Vis-a-Vis the Vienna Du Paquier Factory and Can Analytical Science Dif...
	References
	References for Section 8.1.4
	References for Section 8.2.6
	References for Section 8.3.1
Chapter 9: Challenges for Analytical Science (Case Studies IV)
	9.1 The Amarna Princess: An Authenticity Problem?
		9.1.1 The Amarna Princess Scenario
		9.1.2 Conclusion
	9.2 A Swansea Porcelain Mug with an Unusual Handle: A Rare Specimen Which Only Partially Satisfies the Standard Exemplars?
	9.3 Rockingham Porcelain: Is It Bone China or Phosphatic Soft Paste Porcelain?
		9.3.1 Rockingham Porcelain Exemplars
		9.3.2 Analytical Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Rockingham Porcelains
		9.3.3 Conclusions
	9.4 Is All Blue Cobalt Blue? Hidden Gems in Porcelain Decoration Revealed by Combinatorial Analytical Techniques
		9.4.1 Glass Frit and Cullet
		9.4.2 Smalt, Cobalt Blue, Egyptian Blue, Han Blue and Bristol Blue
		9.4.3 The Presence of Arsenic in Blue Glass Colourants for Porcelain Decoration
		9.4.4 Smalt or Lapis Lazuli?
		9.4.5 Analyses of Pigments on Porcelains and Their Input to the Attribution Process
		9.4.6 Conclusions
	9.5 Did They or Did They Not Manufacture Nantgarw Porcelain at the Swansea China Works in 1815?
		9.5.1 The Scenario
		9.5.2 Can Analytical Science Differentiate Between Nantgarw Porcelain Made in the Nantgarw China Works and a Nantgarw-Bodied C...
			9.5.2.1 Differentiation Between Nantgarw Manufacture and Nantgarw - Bodied Swansea Manufacture
	References
	References for Section 9.1
	References for Section 9.2
	References for Section 9.3
	References for Section 9.4
	References for Section 9.5
Chapter 10: A Forensic Holistic Conundrum - An Ongoing Controversy
	10.1 The King George II Porcelain Busts
	10.2 Chronology and Life of King George II
	10.3 Candidates for the Manufactory of the King George II Busts
	10.4 Description of the King George II Bust and Its Purpose
	10.5 Analysis of the King George II Porcelain Busts
		10.5.1 The Surviving King George II Busts
		10.5.2 A Summary of the Analytical Data and Its Interpretation
	References
Chapter 11: The Answer Lies in the Glaze!
	11.1 The Nantgarw Glaze Recipes
	11.2 Analysis of Nantgarw Porcelain Glazed Shards
	11.3 Glaze Analyses Undertaken on Finished Nantgarw Porcelains
	11.4 The Use of Analytical Raman Spectroscopy to Estimate the Kiln Firing Temperatures from Glaze Analyses
		11.4.1 An Estimation of Glaze Firing Temperatures from Raman Band Intensities
	11.5 The Parallel Manufacture of Glass
		11.5.1 The Composition of Early Glass
	11.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Assessment of the Role of Chemical Analysis in the Holistic Attribution of Porcelains to Factory Sources, Their Ch...
	12.1 The Assessment of a Porcelain Type and the Need for Compositional Analysis
	12.2 Analytical Achievements and Failures: Early Versus Modern Analyses
	12.3 The Strength of Analytical Data
	12.4 Holistic Attributions Made With or Without the Inclusion of Analytical Evidence or Another Component
	References
Appendices
	Appendix I: Lady Charlotte Guest/Schreiber (1812-1895)
		References
	Appendix II: The ``Bearded Tulip´´: Who Was ``De Junic´´ and Can Analysis Help to Unravel the Mystery Surrounding this Artist?
		What Is Known About ``de Junic´´?
		References
	Appendix III: Retailers of Porcelain: A Source of Uncertainty for Analytical Attribution?
		Did the Swansea China Works Ever Produce Nantgarw Porcelain?
		References
	Appendix IV: The Importance of Establishing the Correct Chronology for Factory Operations in a Holistic Forensic Analytical Ap...
		Transcript of an Interview given by Henry Morris, formerly of the Swansea China Works, to Colonel Grant Francis on the 14th Au...
		Chronology of Activities and Landmark Dates at the Swansea and Nantgarw China Works
		Details of the Auction Sales of Swansea and Nantgarw Porcelains
		Conclusions
		References
	Appendix V: Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett - Coutts of Highgate, 1814-1906
	Appendix VI: American Porcelain Manufacture
		John Bartlam´s Cain Hoy China Manufactory, Charleston, 1765-1770; The Bonnin & Morris Manufactory, the American China Manufact...
		Nineteenth Century Porcelains in the United States of America: The Role of the Presidency
		References
	Appendix VII: Curiosities in Ceramics Composition Exposed by Chemical Analysis
		Ancient Ceramics that Contain Asbestos
			Asbestos Minerals
		Analysis of Corsican Ceramics
		References
		Coade Stone - An Eighteenth Century Architectural Ceramic
			The Mystery of Lithodipyra
			Coade Stone Analyses
		References
		White Earthenwares
			Josiah Wedgwood´s Creamware
			French White Earthenwares
		References
	Appendix VIII: Knowledge Transfer in the Age of Enlightenment
		The Rise of the Coffee Shop in European Culture
		References
	Appendix IX: Ancient Pigments Nomenclature Confusion: An Analytical Challenge
		Pigments
			Cinnabar, HgS, Mercury (II) Sulfide, and Red Lead, Pb3O4, Trilead (II,IV) Tetroxide (Gettens et al. 1993; Easthaugh et al. 200...
			Caput Mortuum: Fe2O3, Iron (III) Oxide (Easthaugh et al. 2004; Helwig 2007)
			Realgar and Orpiment; Tetraarsenic Tetrasulfide, As4S4, and Arsenic (III) Sulfide, As2S3 (Fitzhugh 1997; Easthaugh et al. 2004)
			Chrome Yellow, Lead Chromate, PbCrO4. (Kuhn  Easthaugh et al. 2004; Fiedler & Bayard 1986))
			Chrome Green, Chromium Sesquioxide, Cr2O3 (Newman 1997; Easthaugh et al. 2004; Fiedler & Bayard 1997)
			Ultramarine, Lazurite, Sodium Aluminium Sulfosilicate, Na7Al6Si6O24S3. (Easthaugh et al. 2004; Berrie 1997; Plesters 1993)
			Summary
		References
	Appendix X: The Tek Sing Treasure
		Analysis of Porcelains Related to the Tek Sing Treasure
		References
	Appendix XI: The Ehrenfriede von Tschirnhaus (1651-1708) and Johann Bottger (1682-1717) Controversy
		References
	Appendix XII: The Re-Creation of Nantgarw Porcelain
		Joseph William Mellor
		Summary of the First Attempt to Re-Create the Nantgarw Porcelain Body by Ernest Morton Nance and Joseph Mellor in the 1930s
		The Nantgarw Glazes
		The Modern Re-Creation of Nantgarw Porcelain
			A Prophetic Prediction
		References
	Appendix XIII: Armorial Services in English and Welsh Porcelains
		Heraldic Achievements
		English Porcelain Armorial Services of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
			An Unusual English Porcelain Armorial Service
		Welsh Porcelain Armorial Services
		The Scientific Study of Armorial Porcelain Services
			Welsh Armorial Services: A Summary
		Conclusions
		References
Glossary
Selected Bibliography
Index