Polyvinylchloride-based Blends: Preparation, Characterization and Applications (Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-Based Blends: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities
	Abstract
	1.1 PVC: Structure and Properties Relationship
	1.2 Characterization Techniques of PVC/Thermoplastic Nanoblends
	1.3 Applications of PVC/Thermoplastic Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Blends
	1.4 Factors Affecting the Properties of PVC Nano, Micro- and Macro-Blends
	1.5 Interface Modification and Compatibilization of PVC Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Blends
	1.6 Biobased Plasticizers for PVC
	1.7 PVC/Polysaccharides Blends
	1.8 Preparation of PVC Membranes, Characterization, Modification, Applications and Mathematical Model
	1.9 Biobased PVC-Related Blends
	1.10 Conclusions
	References
2 Polyvinylchloride (PVC): Structure and Properties Relationship
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Structure
	2.3 Synthesis
	2.4 Polymerization Processes
		2.4.1 Radical Polymerization
		2.4.2 Emulsion Polymerization
		2.4.3 Suspension Polymerization
	2.5 Additives
		2.5.1 Heat Stabilizer
		2.5.2 Plasticizer
		2.5.3 Impact Modifier
		2.5.4 Process Aid
		2.5.5 Lubricant
		2.5.6 Filler
		2.5.7 Flame Retardant/Smoke Suppressant
		2.5.8 Pigment
		2.5.9 Blowing Agent
		2.5.10 Biocide
		2.5.11 Viscosity Modifier
		2.5.12 Antistatic Agent
		2.5.13 Antioxidant
		2.5.14 Antifogging Agent
		2.5.15 Bonding Agent
		2.5.16 UV Absorber
	2.6 Processing of PVC
		2.6.1 Extrusion
		2.6.2 Injection Molding
		2.6.3 Blow Molding
		2.6.4 Calendering
		2.6.5 Thermoforming
	2.7 Properties of PVC
		2.7.1 Physical Properties
		2.7.2 Chemical Properties
		2.7.3 Electrical and Optical Properties
		2.7.4 Thermal Properties and Flammability
		2.7.5 Mechanical Properties
		2.7.6 Morphology
		2.7.7 Crystal Structure and Crystallization Behavior
		2.7.8 Weathering and Radiation Resistance
	2.8 Suppliers
	2.9 Applications
		2.9.1 Construction
		2.9.2 Medical
		2.9.3 Electrical
		2.9.4 Automobiles
		2.9.5 Packaging
		2.9.6 Cards
		2.9.7 Leisure and Sports
		2.9.8 Office
		2.9.9 Clothing
	2.10 Future and Environmental Impact
	2.11 Conclusions
	References
3 Characterization Techniques of Polyvinylchloride (PVC)/Thermoplastic Nano-Blends
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Overview of Physicochemical Characteristics
	3.3 Modalities for Physicochemical Characterization
	3.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Applications of Polyvinylchloride (PVC)/Thermoplastic Nano-, Micro- and Macroblends
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Applications of PVC/Thermoplastic Nanoblends
		4.2.1 Packaging Applications
		4.2.2 Structural Applications
		4.2.3 Military Applications
		4.2.4 Aerospace Applications
	4.3 Applications of PVC/Thermoplastic Microblends
		4.3.1 Structural Applications
		4.3.2 Military Applications
		4.3.3 Aerospace Applications
		4.3.4 Optical Applications
	4.4 Applications of PVC/Thermoplastic Macroblends
		4.4.1 Packaging Applications
		4.4.2 Aerospace Applications
		4.4.3 Recycling and Lifetime Studies
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Factors Affecting the Properties of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Blends
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Mechanical Properties
		5.2.1 Tensile Strength
		5.2.2 Young’s Modulus
		5.2.3 Elongation at Break
		5.2.4 Hardness
	5.3 Thermal Stability
	5.4 Electrical Properties
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
6 Interface Modification and Compatibilization of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Blends
	Abstract
	6.1 PVC and the Basic Principles on Compatibilization of Polymeric Blends
		6.1.1 Types of Polymeric Blends
		6.1.2 Miscibility of Polymers
		6.1.3 Strategies for the Compatibilization of Polymeric Blends
	6.2 Interface Modification of PVC Macro, Micro, and Nano Blends
		6.2.1 Interface Particularities of PVC Blends
		6.2.2 Physical Modification of PVC Blends
		6.2.3 Chemical Modification of PVC Blends
		6.2.4 Physical-Chemical Modification of PVC Blends
		6.2.5 Stimuli-Responsive Interfaces
	6.3 Compatibilization of PVC Macro, Micro, and Nano Blends
		6.3.1 Thermodynamics of PVC Blends
		6.3.2 Physical Compatibilization
		6.3.3 Reactive Polymer Synthesis
	6.4 Analytic Methods for the Study of Interface and Compatibilization of PVC Blends
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Bio-Based Plasticizers for Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Recent Progress in Performance of PVC Plasticizers as Alternative to DEHP
		7.2.1 Petroleum-Derived PVC Plasticizers
		7.2.2 Green Plasticizers for PVC
			7.2.2.1 External Plasticizers
			7.2.2.2 PVC Plasticized with Two Bio-Based Plasticizers
			7.2.2.3 Chemical Modification of PVC/Bio-Based Plasticizers
			7.2.2.4 Industrial Scale of PVC-Bio-Based Plasticizers
	7.3 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
8 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)/Polysaccharides Blends
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 PVC/Polysaccharides Blends
		8.2.1 PVC/Chitosan Blends
		8.2.2 PVC/Starch blend
			8.2.2.1 Starch Influence on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradation of PVC Composites
			8.2.2.2 Solution Blending PVC/starch Acetate
			8.2.2.3 Biodegradation of PVC/starch Blended Films
		8.2.3 PVC/Cellulose and Wood Flour Blends
	8.3 Compatibility of PVC/Polysaccharides Blend
		8.3.1 PVC/Wood Blends
		8.3.2 PVC/Chitosan Blends
		8.3.3 Compatibilization of PVC/Starch Blends
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Preparation of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Membranes, Characterization, Modification, Applications, and Mathematical Model
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Membrane Preparation Methods
		9.2.1 Phase Inversion (PI) Method
		9.2.2 Modification of PVC Membrane
	9.3 PVC Membrane Characterization [20, 30]
		9.3.1 Polymer Solution Properties
		9.3.2 Mechanical Properties
		9.3.3 PVC Membrane Thickness
		9.3.4 Pore Size and Porosity
		9.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
		9.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		9.3.7 Contact Angles
		9.3.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
		9.3.9 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		9.3.10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
		9.3.11 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		9.3.12 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		9.3.13 Abrasion Resistance Test
	9.4 Application of PVC Membrane
		9.4.1 Microfiltration
		9.4.2 Ultrafiltration (UF)
		9.4.3 Nanofiltration (NF)
		9.4.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Process
		9.4.5 Pervaporation (PV)
		9.4.6 Membrane Distillation (MD)
		9.4.7 Electrodialysis (ED)
	9.5 Mathematical Model for PVC Membrane Preparation
		9.5.1 Flory–Huggins Model for Polymeric Solution
		9.5.2 Diffusion Model of Immersion Precipitation
	References
10 Bio-Based Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-Related Blends
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 PVC Bio-Related Nanoblends
	10.3 PVC/Polyester Bio-Related Blends
		10.3.1 PVC/Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Blends
		10.3.2 PVC/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) (PCL) Blends
	10.4 PVC/Polysaccharide Bio-Related Blends
		10.4.1 PVC/Starch Blends
		10.4.2 PVC/Chitosan (CS) Blends
	10.5 PVC/Natural Filler Bio-Related Blends
	10.6 PVC/Protein (Collagen) Bio-Related Blends
	10.7 PVC/ Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Bio-Related Blends
	10.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References