Polyols for Polyurethanes. Chemistry and Technology, Volume 2

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Polyols for Polyurethanes: Chemistry and Technology, Volume 2
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Preface
Contents
1. Polyols for rigid polyurethanes – general considerations
	References
2. Polyether polyols for rigid polyurethane foams
	2.1 The polyaddition of alkylene oxides to hydroxyl groups
		2.1.1 The mechanism of alkylene oxide polyaddition to hydroxyl groups catalysed by the tertiary amines
	2.2 Polyether polyol technologies for rigid foam fabrication
		2.2.1 Anionic polymerisation of propylene oxide (or ethylene oxide) initiated by polyols that are liquids at the reaction temperature
	2.3 Kinetic considerations concerning the alkoxylation of polyols to rigid polyether polyols
		2.3.1 Anionic polymerisation of propylene oxide (or ethylene oxide) initiated by high melting point polyols which are solid at the reaction temperature
	References
3. Aminic polyols
	References
4. Rigid polyols based on the alkoxylation of aromatic compound condensates with aldehydes
	4.1 Mannich polyols
		4.1.1 Synthesis of Mannich base
		4.1.2 Alkoxylation of Mannich base
		4.1.3 Synthesis of Mannich polyols using oxazolidine chemistry
			4.1.3.1 Synthesis of 1,3-N-hydroxyethyl oxazolidine
			4.1.3.2 Synthesis of the Mannich base
			4.1.3.3 The alkoxylation of the synthesised Mannich base
	4.2 Novolak-based polyether polyols
	4.3 Bisphenol A-based polyols
	4.4 Resorcinol-based diols
	4.5 Melamine-based polyols for rigid PU
	References
5. Polyester polyols for rigid polyurethane foams
	5.1 Aromatic polyester polyols from bottom residues resulting in dimethyl terephthalate fabrication
	5.2 Aromatic polyester polyols from polyethylene terephthalate wastes (bottles, films, fibres)
	5.3 Aromatic polyester polyols based on phthalic anhydride
	5.4 Other methods for the synthesis of polyester polyols for rigid foams
	References
6. Polyols by thiol-ene ‘click’ chemistry
	6.1 Synthesis of polyols for rigid polyurethanes by thiol-ene reaction
	6.2 Polyols for elastic polyurethanes by thiol-ene click chemistry
	References
7. Polyols from renewable resources
	7.1 Bio-based monomers for synthesis of polyols
		7.1.1 Bio-based monomers that generate new chains by ring-opening polymerisation reactions
			7.1.1.1 Tetrahydrofuran
			7.1.1.2 Glycidol
			7.1.1.3 Glycerine carbonate (4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one)
			7.1.1.4 Lactides
		7.1.2 Bio-based monomers that generate new chains by polycondensation reactions
			7.1.2.1 Bio-based diacids
			7.1.2.2 Bio-based diols
			7.1.2.3 Bio-based hydroxyacids
	7.2 Natural compounds used as starters for polyol synthesis
		7.2.1 Glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol, and xylitol
		7.2.2 Starch, glucose, and glucosides
		7.2.3 Lignin
		7.2.4 Betulinol and isosorbide
		7.2.5 Catechins and tannins
		7.2.6 Castor oil
	7.3 Vegetable oil polyols (oleochemical polyols)
		7.3.1 Castor oil: a natural polyol
			7.3.1.1 Bio-based polyols by chemical reactions of castor oil
		7.3.2 Synthesis of vegetable oil polyols using reactions involving ester bonds
		7.3.3 Synthesis of vegetable oil polyols by using reactions involving double bonds
			7.3.3.1 Epoxidation reactions followed by ring-opening of epoxy groups with hydrogene-active compounds
			7.3.3.2 Hydroformylation reactions
			7.3.3.3 Metathesis reactions
			7.3.3.4 Polyols by ozonolysis
			7.3.3.5 ‘Honey Bee’ polyols
			7.3.3.6 Bio-based polyols by thiol-ene reactions
			7.3.3.7 ‘One-Pot/One-Step’ synthesis of polyols from vegetable oils
			7.3.3.8 Dimerisation of unsaturated fatty acid polyols based on dimer acids
			7.3.3.9 Bio-based polyols from polymerised vegetable oils
			7.3.3.10 Polyols from fatty acids with triple-bonds
			7.3.3.11 Polyols from polymerised epoxidised fatty acids esters
		7.3.4 High-molecular-weight bio-based polyols from low-molecularweight bio-based polyols
			7.3.4.1 Self-condensed polyols
			7.3.4.2 Bio-based polyols by chain extension
			7.3.4.3 Bio-based hyperbranched polyols for flexible polyurethane foams
			7.3.4.4 Polyols by alkoxylation of low-molecular weight bio-based polyols
			7.3.4.5 High-molecular-weight polyesters from low-molecular-weight bio-based polyols
	7.4 Bio-based polyols based on other natural compounds
		7.4.1 Bio-based polyols from D-isosorbide
		7.4.2 Polytrimethylene ether polyols
		7.4.3 Bio-based polyols with lactic acid units (lactate polyols)
		7.4.4 Carbon dioxide-based polyols
			7.4.4.1 Copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with alkylene oxides in the presence of double metal cyanide catalysts
			7.4.4.2 Copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with epoxides using dinuclear complex catalysts
			7.4.4.3 Cobalt chelates as catalysts for copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with alkylene oxides
		7.4.5 Polyester polyols from bio-succinic acid
		7.4.6 Polyglycerol-based polyols
			7.4.6.1 Propoxylation of polyglycerol
			7.4.6.2 Reaction of polyglycerol with ε-Caprolactone
			7.4.6.3 Formation of partial esters of polyglycerol with fatty acid
		7.4.7 Polyols frompProteins
		7.4.8 Polyols from the liquid of cashew nut shells
			7.4.8.1 Hydoxyl functionalisation of cashew nut shell liquid by mannich reactions
			7.4.8.2 Synthesis of polyols from novolac resins derived from cardanol
			7.4.8.3 Polyols from cardanol by using reactions associated with the double bonds of C15 chains
		7.4.9 Polyols for polyurethanes based on D-limonene
		7.4.10 Polyols derived from fish oil
		7.4.11 Polyols by phenolation of unsaturated natural compounds
		7.4.12 High functionality bio-based polyols from sucrose soyate
		7.4.13 Polyols for polyurethanes with furan structure
	7.5 Looking to the future of polyols from renewable resources
	References
8. Flame retardant polyols
	8.1 Chlorine and bromine containing polyols
	8.2 Phosphorus polyols
		8.2.1 Esters of ortho-phosphoric acid
		8.2.2 Esters of phosphorus acid
		8.2.3 Phosphonate polyols
		8.2.4 Phosphine oxide polyols
		8.2.5 Phosphoramidic polyols
	References
9. Polyol special polyol structures for rigid polyurethane foams
	9.1 Amidic polyols
	9.2 Hyperbranched polyols and dendritic polyols
	References
10. Oligo-polyols by chemical recovery of polyurethane wastes
	10.1 Hydrolysis of polyurethane polymers
	10.2 Glycolysis of polyurethane polymers
	10.3 Aminolysis of polyurethane polymer
	10.4 Alkoxylation of polyurethane polymer
	10.5 Chemical recovery of flexible polyurethane foam wastes by hydrolysis
	10.6 Rigid polyols by glycolysis of rigid polyurethane foam wastes
	10.7 Rigid polyols by aminolysis of rigid polyurethane foam wastes
	10.8 Technology for chemical recovery of rigid polyurethane foams (and isocyanuric foams) by the glycolysis processes
	References
11. Relationships between the oligo-polyol structure and polyurethane properties
	11.1 Molecular weight
		11.1.1 The effect of the molecular weight of oligo-polyols
	11.2 Intermolecular forces
		11.2.1 The effect of the chemical nature of oligo-polyol chains
	11.3 Stiffness of the chain
	11.4 Crystallinity
	11.5 Crosslinking
		11.5.1 The effect of oligo-polyol functionality
		11.5.2 The effect of oligo-polyol structure on the polyurethane behaviour in contact with organic solvents and water
	11.6 Thermal stability and flame retardancy
		11.6.1 Flame retardancy
	References
Postface
Abbreviations
Index