Polymeric and Natural Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Natural Polymers-Based Biocomposites: State of Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Natural Polymers: An Insight
		1.2 Modifications of Natural Polymers
		1.3 Grafting and Cross-Linking
		1.4 Formation of Derivative
		1.5 Polymer–polymer Blending
	2 Recent Application of Natural Polymers in Nano-Drug Delivery
		2.1 Polysaccharides Based Drug Delivery Systems
		2.2 Protein Based Drug Delivery Systems
	3 Challenges and Opportunities of Using Natural Polymers in Nanodrug Delivery
	4 Conclusion
	References
Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications
	1 Natural Fibre
		1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocomposites
		1.2 Chemical Compositions and Physical Properties of Natural Fibres
		1.3 Modifications in the Surfaces of Natural Fibres
	2 Composites/Biocomposites
		2.1 Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibres
		2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
		2.3 Advantages in Using Composites with Natural Fibres
	3 Manufacturing Techniques
		3.1 Open Moulding Technique
		3.2 Closed Moulding
	4 Biomaterials
		4.1 Biomedical Applications of Natural Fibres
	5 Conclusion
	References
Polymeric Biocomposites from Renewable and Sustainable Natural Resources
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Polymeric Biocomposites in Analytical Chemistry
	3 Application of Polymeric Biocomposites in Tissue Engineering
	4 Chitosan
	5 Cellulose
	6 Polyhydroxyalcanoates
	7 Miscellaneous Applications
	8 Conclusions
	References
Polymer/Carbon Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Properties of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs)
	3 Synthesis of CNTs
		3.1 Arc-Discharge Method
		3.2 Laser Ablation Method
		3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD)
	4 Polymer Matrix
	5 Preparation of CNTs-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		5.1 Solution Mixing
		5.2 Melt Mixing
		5.3 In Situ Polymerization
	6 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
		6.1 Polystyrene/CNT
		6.2 Polyethylene/CNT
		6.3 Polyvinyl Chloride/CNT
	7 Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		7.1 Drug and Gene Delivery
		7.2 Tissue Engineering
	8 Conclusion
	References
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer—Carbon Dot Composites for Biomedical Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Dot (CD)—Synthetic Approaches
	3 Molecular Imprinting Process
	4 Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Dot Conjugates—Biomedical Application
		4.1 CD–Inorganic MIP Shell Conjugates
		4.2 CD–Polydopamine MIP Shell Conjugates
		4.3 CD–Acrylate-/Methacrylate-Derived MIP Layer
	5 Current Status and Future Prospects
	References
Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites: Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
		1.2 Categories of Magnetic Materials
		1.3 Fundamentals of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		1.4 Role of Magnetism in Biomaterials
	2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		2.1 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
	3 Fabrication of Hybrid Magnetic Composites
	4 Biomedical Applications
		4.1 Magnetic Bioseparation
		4.2 Drug Delivery
		4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
		4.4 Hyperthermia for Treatment of Cancer
	References
Jackfruit Seed Starch-Based Composite Beads for Controlled Drug Release
	1 Introduction
	2 Jackfruit Seed Starch (JSS)
	3 Alginate-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Drug Release
		3.1 Gellan Gum-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Release Drug Delivery
		3.2 Pectinate-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Release Drug Delivery
	4 Conclusion
	References
Polymeric Nanocomposites for Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Cancer Overview
	3 Understanding Targeted Therapy
		3.1 Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
		3.2 Nanobodies
		3.3 Antiangiogenic Agents
		3.4 Immunotherapeutic Agents
		3.5 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)-Targeted Therapy
		3.6 MiRNAs-Targeted Therapy
		3.7 Complexes of Super-Enhancers Targeted Therapy
		3.8 Nanotechnology-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
	4 Nanocomposites
	5 Polymeric Nanocomposites
		5.1 Types of Polymers Used for Nanocomposites Synthesis
		5.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites and the Advantages for Cancer-Targeted Therapy
		5.3 Localized Treatment of Solid Tumors with Polymeric Nanocomposite Systems
	6 Future Challenges in Cancer Therapy
	7 Multiscale Molecular Simulation for Nanostructured Polymer Systems
	References
Biopolymeric-Inorganic Composites for Drug Delivery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Drug Delivery Systems
	3 Use of Biopolymers in Drug Delivery
	4 Polysaccharides
		4.1 Chitosan
		4.2 Alginate
		4.3 Cellulose
		4.4 Starch
	5 Proteins
		5.1 Albumin
		5.2 Collagen
		5.3 Gelatin
		5.4 Silk Fibroin
	6 Inorganic Materials in Biopolymer Composites
	7 Metals
	8 Metal Oxides and Hydroxides
		8.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
		8.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
		8.3 Magnetic Materials
		8.4 Aluminosilicates
	9 Carbon Materials–Biopolymers Composites
	10 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
	11 Clay Minerals-Biopolymers Composite
	References
Natural Polymeric-Based Composites for Delivery of Growth Factors
	1 Biomedical Applications of GFs
	2 Challenges and Approaches to Develop Devices for GFs Delivery
		2.1 Approaches for Intrinsic Improvement of Stability and Action of GFs
		2.2 Approaches for GFs Delivery Systems
	3 Composite Materials for GFs Delivery
	4 Polysaccharide-Based Composites
		4.1 Alginate-Base Composites for GFs Delivery
		4.2 Chitosan-Based Composites for GFs Delivery
		4.3 Glycosaminoglycan-Based Composites for GFs Delivery
	5 Protein-Origin Composites
		5.1 Collagen-Based Composites for GFs Release
		5.2 Gelatin-Based Composites for GFs Release
	References
Biopolymers/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Bone Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 BTE Scaffolds for Drug Delivery
		2.1 Types of Drug Molecules Used in Bone Regeneration
		2.2 Impacts of Scaffolds for Drug Delivery
	3 Biopolymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration
		3.1 Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
		3.2 Ceramics-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
	4 Biopolymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Bone Tissue Engineering
		4.1 Natural Polymer/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
		4.2 Synthetic Polymer/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
		4.3 Natural/Synthetic Polymers/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for Orthopedic Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Bone—A Nanostructured Composite
		2.1 Bone Defects
		2.2 Requirements for Bone Scaffolds
	3 Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Regeneration
		3.1 Extracellular Matrix Polymeric Scaffolds
		3.2 Synthetic Polymeric Scaffolds
		3.3 Hybrid Polymeric Scaffolds
		3.4 Multifunctional Biopolymeric Nanocomposites
	4 Biomineralization
	5 Degradation of Biopolymeric Nanocomposites
	6 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
Natural Polymer-Based Composite Wound Dressings
	1 Introduction
	2 Novel Mechanism of Action of Wound Healing
	3 Types of Dressings
	4 Advances in Natural Polymeric Biomaterials and Composites
		4.1 Collagen-Based Wound Dressings
		4.2 Alginate-Based Wound Dressings
		4.3 Glucan-Based Wound Dressings
		4.4 Dextran-Based Wound Dressings
		4.5 Cellulose-Based Wound Dressings
		4.6 Chitosan-Based Wound Dressings
		4.7 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Wound Dressings
		4.8 Gelatin-Based Wound Dressings
		4.9 Keratin-Based Wound Dressings
		4.10 Silk Fibroin-Based Wound Dressings
	5 Conclusion
	References
A View on Polymer-Based Composite Materials for Smart Wound Dressings
	1 Introduction
	2 Complexity of a Chronic Wound
		2.1 Different Stages of Healing
		2.2 Wound Types and Therapeutic Requirements
	3 The Event of a Wound Infection
	4 Established Wound Dressing Options
		4.1 Synthetic/Biosynthetic Dressings in Wound Care
		4.2 Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes and Advanced Wound Healing
	5 Sensing the Wound
		5.1 Detectable Biomarkers
		5.2 Multicomponent Biosensor Dressings
	6 Future Perspectives
	References
Index