Polyamines in fungi : their distribution, metabolism, and role in cell differentiation and morphogenesis

Content: IntroductionChemistry and Cellular Localization of PolyaminesIntroductionChemical Structure and Physicochemical Characteristics of Polyamines and Their Impact on the Interaction with BiomoleculesBinding of Polyamines with Cellular MacromoleculesPhysiological Results of the Interactions of Polyamines with Cell Macromolecules and StructuresLocalization of Polyamines in the Cells of Different Organisms, Including FungiMechanisms of Polyamines Biosynthesis, Their Interconversion and Degradation in Fungi, in Comparison with Animal and Plant CellsIntroductionPathways of Putrescine BiosynthesisMechanisms for the Synthesis of SpermidineMechanisms for the Synthesis of SpermineMechanisms of Degradation and Interconversion of PolyaminesOrigin and Role of the Different Precursor Molecules Involved in Polyamine BiosynthesisThe Relationship of Polyamine Metabolism with Other Cellular Pathways in Different OrganismsPolyamine Distribution in the Fungal Kingdom, as Compared with Other Eukaryotic OrganismsIntroductionPolyamines Present in the Different Fungal Groups and Other OrganismsPhylogenetic Relationships of the Enzymes Involved in Polyamine Metabolism in FungiPossible Evolution of the Polyamine Biosynthetic Pathways in FungiAdvantages of Fungi as Models for the Study of Different Aspects of Polyamine Metabolism and Their Modes of ActionRegulatory Mechanisms of Polyamine Metabolism at the Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Levels in Fungi and Other OrganismsIntroductionRegulation of the Synthesis of Odc at the Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional LevelsThe Unique Mechanism of Az as a Regulatory ProteinRegulation of the Biosynthesis of SamdcRegulation of the Activity of the Polyamine Biosynthetic EnzymesRegulation of Polyamines during Stress Conditions: A Comparative Study between Fungal and Plant CellsGeneral Functions of Polyamines and Their Possible Modes of Action in Fungi and Other OrganismsIntroductionPolyamines Are EssentialRole of Polyamines on Cell Growth, Transcription, and Translation in Fungi and Other OrganismsRegulation of the Expression of Specific Genes by Polyamines in Fungi and Other EukaryotesRegulation by Polyamines of Gene Expression by Modification of DNA Methylation PatternsPolyamines and the Structure of Cell MembranesThe Role of Polyamines in Stress ResponseSelected Aspects of the Role of Polyamines in Some Specific Cellular FunctionsNatural Polyamines and Their Possible Clinical and Biotechnological ApplicationsThe Role of Polyamines on Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis in Fungi and Other OrganismsIntroductionDifferential Locations of Polyamines and Their Relation to Specific PhenomenaThe Use of Fungi as Models for the Study of the Mechanisms of Polyamine Roles on Cell DifferentiationRole of Polyamines on Differentiation in PlantsUse of Fungal and Plant Mutants in the Analysis of the Specific Roles of the Different Polyamines in Cell PhysiologyPolyamine Metabolism as a TargetIntroductionEffect of Inhibitors on the Different Enzymes Involved in Polyamine MetabolismPolyamine Metabolism as a Possible Target for the Control of Some Human DiseasesUse of the Differences Existing in the Mechanism of Polyamine Biosynthesis between Plants and Fungi as a Mechanism for the Control of Phytopathogenic FungiRNA Interference as a Tool to Analyze Polyamine Metabolism and to Control Pathogens by Selective Inhibition of Polyamine Biosynthesis