Political Populism: A Handbook

Cover
Introduction
	Living in a Populist Era
	Surveying the Phenomenon: Precursors and Regional Variation
		Origins
		Nativism and Rural Populism: The United States and Elsewhere
		Presidentialism and Social Mobilisation: Latin American Populism
		The Western European Populist Right: From Protest Politics to Migration and Identity
		Identity Politics in Post-transition Societies: Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
		Protest Movements and Mediterranean Populism
		Variation in the Manifestation and Perception of Populism
	Populism as a Theoretical Problem: Towards a New Conceptualisation?
	Populism as an Empirical Phenomenon
		Empirical Challenges and New Research Agendas
	Populism and the Communication Dimension
	Final Note
	References
PART I: Defining and Analysing the Concept
	CHAPTER 1: POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT
		Conjuncture and Controversy in Politics and Science
		Lexical History of the Concept
		The Founding Forms of Populism
		Transnational and Transdisciplinary Expansion
		Populism as a Strategy or Ideology?
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 2: POPULISM AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
		Populist Parties, Representation and the Crisis of Representation
			Representing the People: Which People?
			Representing the Populist Parties
		References
	CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUALISING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULISM AND THE RADICAL RIGHT
		Introduction
		Populism and the Radical Right: A Historical Perspective
			From the Extreme Right to the Contemporary Radical Right
			From Populism in the World to “Neo” Populism in Europe
		Populism: More than a Thin Ideology?
		A New Party Family: Populist, Radical and Right-wing
			Terminology, Ideology, Concepts
			Economic Protectionism: Class Politics for ‘Modernisation Losers’
			Cultural protectionism: nationalism and Islamophobia
			Advocating Euroscepticism in Favour of National Sovereignty
			A Populist Authoritarian Voice in Representative Democracy
			Enemies and Friends of the Radical Right
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 4: THE POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
		Introduction: The Relation Between Parties and Social Movements
		Integrating the Parties and Movements Approaches to the Radical Right
		Parties, Movements and the Populist Radical Right
			Relations of Accepted and Consensual Interpenetration
			Relations in Which Party and Movement Memberships are Distinct and to Varying Extents Conflictual
			Distinct but Generally Supportive Relations
		Civil Society, Movements, Counter-movements and PRRPs as Interacting Systems
		Conclusions and Further Steps of the Research Agenda
		References
	CHAPTER 5: ANALYSING AND EXPLAINING POPULISM: BRINGING FRAME, ACTOR AND CONTEXT BACK IN
		From Ideological Dichotomy to Ambivalence
		Gradation and Frame
		Explaining the Rise and the Spread of Populism Across Contemporary Democracies
			Endogenous Conditions
			Exogenous Conditions
			The Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Conditions in Populist Claim-Making
		Application and Summary
		References
	CHAPTER 6: MEASURING POPULISM: A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHES
		Introduction
		Challenges and Methods
			Definitions, Data, Dimensions
			Classification by Means of Minimal Definition
			Content Analysis
			Computerised Content Analysis
			Expert Survey
			A Measurement of Populism among Parties in Germany
		Lessons from Studies Measuring Populism
			Populism is More Prevalent in Latin America Compared to Western Europe
			Populism can be Found More at the Fringes of the Party System
			Populism Over Time: The Impact of Issues, Government or Opposition and Campaigning
		Conclusion and Discussion
		Appendix
			Holistic Grading
			Computerised content analysis
		References
	CHAPTER 7: POPULISM IN COMMUNICATIONS PERSPECTIVE: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, EVIDENCE
		IntroductionI am indebted to Jay Blumler, Katrin Voltmer and Katy Parry for their insightful comments on an earlier draft.: Overall Context
		A Communications Approach to Populism
			Defining Populism
			Communicating Populism
		Mediation
		Media Institutions as Sites of Mediation
			Media Logic
			Attempts at News Management
		Media Technologies as Sites of Mediation
			Symbolic Technology
			Material Technology
		Audiences as Sites of Mediation
			Media Consumption
			Leadership
		Conclusion
		References
PART II: Assessing the Success of Populist Actors in Europe and in the Americas
	CHAPTER 8: ELECTORAL BASIS OF POPULIST PARTIESGilles Ivaldi
		Populism Left and Right
		The Social and Attitudinal Basis of Populist Voting
			A Populist Gender Gap?
			Populism and the Secularised Voter
			Are Populist Voters the ‘Losers of Modernisation’?
			Political Distrust as a Unifier of Populist Voters
			Populists Opposing Europe?
		Future Populism Research
			A Global Perspective on Populism
			Populist Politics in Multilayered Polities
			Populism as an Independent Variable
		References
	CHAPTER 9: POPULIST PARTIES IN POWER AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES IN WESTERN EUROPETjitske AkkermanPOPULIST PARTIES IN POWER AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES
		Defining Populism
		The Impact of Radical Right-wing Populists in Government
		Mapping the Research Field
		A Threat to Liberal Freedoms and Rights?
		Empowering the People?
		Explanations
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 10: SOCIOCULTURAL LEGACIES IN POST-TRANSITION SOCIETIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESURGENCE OF RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND POPULISM IN THE REGIONVlastimil Havlík and Miroslav MarešSociocultural legacies in Post-transition societies in Central and Eastern Europe
		The State of Research on Right-wing Extremist and Populist Legacies
		Ongoing Debates and the Limitations of Right-wing Extremism and Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 11: HOW FAR DOES NATIONALISM GO? AN OVERVIEW OF POPULIST PARTIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEHOW FAR DOES NATIONALISM GO?Sergiu Gherghina, Sergiu Miscoiu and Sorina Soare
		[B] Introduction
		The ambivalent framing of populism in Central and Eastern Europe
			Conceptual Delimitations: A Multifaceted Political Phenomenon
			Populist Diversity
		Populist Discourse
		The Ambivalent Relationship Between Discourse and Practice: Populism’s Two Major Contradictions
		Conclusion
		References
		Online Sources
	CHAPTER 12: ENTREPRENEURIAL POPULISM AND THE RADICAL CENTRE: EXAMPLES FROM AUSTRIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLICReinhard Heinisch and Steven SaxonbergENTREPRENEURIAL POPULISM AND THE RADICAL CENTRE
		Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Populism
		Case Description
			The Austrian Case—Synopsis
			The Czech Case—Synopsis
		Explaining Entrepreneurial Populism – Argument and Hypotheses
			Hypotheses
		Data Sources and Method
		Hypotheses Test and Empirical Findings
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 13: NEW POPULISMMaria Elisabetta Lanzone
		Introduction: A New Wave of Populism Pervades Europe
		Understanding Contemporary Left-wing Populism in Spain and Greece
		An Unprecedented Example of Populism: The Case of the Italian Five Star Movement
		Populism Is Everywhere? Current Debates on the Concept of Populism
		Conclusion: New Populism for a ‘New Politics’?
		References
	CHAPTER 14: CONTEMPORARY POPULISM IN THE UNITED STATESSandra Vergari
		Introduction
		Defining Populism
		Historical Context of Populism in the United States
		Economic and Political Context of Contemporary US Populism
		Establishment Barriers to Outsider Candidates
		The 2016 Campaign: Will the Real Populist Please Stand Up?U.S. television game show To Tell The Truth features three people claiming to be the same person with a special skill or job; two are imposters and one is sworn to tell the truth. At the end of the game, the host says “Will the real [truth teller’s name] please stand up?”
		Conclusions and Future Research
		References
	CHAPTER 15: POPULISM AND DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION IN LATIN AMERICASaskia P. Ruth and Kirk A. Hawkins
		The Poorly Studied Relationship between Populism and Democratic Representation
		A Theory of Populism and Democratic Representation
		Empirical Analysis: Patterns of Populism and Representation in Latin America
			Formal Representation
			Descriptive Representation
			Substantive Representation
		Conclusion
			Appendix
		References
	CHAPTER 16: POPULIST AND PROGRAMMATIC PARTIES IN LATIN AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEMSMaría Esperanza Casullo and Flavia Freidenberg
		Populism and stable party systems: can they coexist? The Latin American experience
		The Current State of Research into Populism and Political Representation
		Populism and Parties
		Conclusions
		References
PART III: Emerging Challenges and New Research Agendas
	CHAPTER 17: POPULIST PARTIES OF LATIN AMERICA: THE CASES OF ARGENTINA AND ECUADORMaría Esperanza Casullo and Flavia FreidenbergPOPULIST PARTIES OF LATIN AMERICA
		Stable Populist Parties in Latin America: Peronism in Argentina and Alianza PAÍS in Ecuador
		Peronism: The Transformation of a Charismatic Party
		The Alianza PAIS: From a Movement of ‘Outlaws’ to a Hegemonic Party
		Reconceptualising Populist Parties
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 18: SOCIETAL MALAISE IN TURBULENT TIMES: INTRODUCING A NEW EXPLANATORY FACTOR FOR POPULISM FROM A CROSS-NATIONAL EUROPE-WIDE PERSPECTIVEWolfgang AschauerSOCIETAL MALAISE IN TURBULENT TIMES
		Introduction: The Driving Forces of Populism
		Theoretical and Empirical Approach: An Overview
		Characteristics of Societal Malaise
			Fear of societal decline
			Political disenchantment
			Social distrust
		Empirical Approach and Operationalisation Strategy
			Macro indicators leading to a conception of diverse European regions
			Operationalisation of restrictions on living conditions
			Operationalisation of societal malaise and ethnocentrism
		Empirical results
			Evaluation of the concept of societal malaise
			The evolution of societal malaise in Europe
			The causes of societal malaise: A multilevel analysis
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 19: POPULISM AND DEMOCRACY—THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONSThe authors would like to thank Kirk Hawkins, Reinhard Heinisch and Saskia Ruth for comments on earlier drafts of this chapter. Christian Schimpf acknowledges the support by the University of Mannheim’s Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences funded by the German Research Foundation.Robert A. Huber and Christian H. SchimpfPOPULISM AND DEMOCRACY
		Introduction
		‘Populism’ and ‘Democracy’ − An Ambivalent Relationship?
		Beyond a One-dimensional Relationship
		Moderating Factors
		Empirical Strategies: Measurement and Research Designs
			Measuring populism
			Measuring Quality of Democracy
		Concluding Remarks and Outlook
		References
	CHAPTER 20: THE GENDER DIMENSION OF POPULISMSarah C. Dingler, Zoe Lefkofridi and Vanessa Marent
		Introduction
		Gender in Populists’ Ideology and Policy Programmes
			Populist Right-wing Parties in Western Europe
			Populist Left-wing Parties in Latin America
		Populist Politics and Women’s Political Engagement
			Female Members and Activists of Populist Parties
			Female Candidates and Leadership of Populist Parties
				Perception of Female Leaders of Populist Parties
		Gender and Electoral Support for Populist Parties
			Electoral Support for Left-wing Populist Parties in Latin America
			The Radical Right Gender Gap in Western Europe
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 21: THE BODY IN POPULISMPaula Diehl
		Introduction
		Populism as a Multidimensional and Gradual Phenomenon
		The Body as a Political Medium in Democracy
		Mirroring the People
		Populist Body Performances
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 22: POPULISM AND ISLAMOPHOBIAHans-Georg Betz
		Nativism: Antebellum Anti-Catholicism in the United States as an Ideal Type
		New Nativism: Anti-Islamic Mobilisation and the Populist Right
		Anti-Islamic Frames and Anti-Islamic Mobilisation
		[B] Context and Opportunity Structures: Public Opinion
		Context and Opportunity Structures: The Role of the Media
		Context and Opportunity Structures: Visibility
		Legitimising Narratives and Populist Mobilisation against Islam
		Identity Politics and the Future of anti-Islamic Nativism
		References
	CHAPTER 23: MEDIA POLITICS AND POPULISM AS A MOBILISATION RESOURCEFranca Roncarolo
		Media and Populism: Still an Obscure Relationship?
		True Populism or Simply the Effects of Mediatisation?
		The Role of the Media in Supporting the Rise of Political Actors Defined as Populist
		Conclusion: The Populist Style as a Resource for Mobilisation
		References
	CHAPTER 24: POPULIST AND NON-POPULIST MEDIA: THEIR PARADOXICAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF A RIGHT-WING IDEOLOGYBenjamin KrämerPOPULIST AND NON-POPULIST MEDIA
		Fuelling anti-elitism by routinely reporting negative incidents involving elites and acting as democracy’s fourth estate, even in a way that undermines democracy
		Providing platforms for participation and media criticism without responsivity
		Responding to the news value and self-stylisation of populist actors and providing them with a platform
		Supplying evidence of populist constructions of out-groups
		Supplying catchwords, slogans and interpretive frameworks for populism—and anti-media populism
		Serving as a substitute for populist leaders
		Conclusion
		References
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
INDEX