Political and Legal Transformations of an Indonesian Polity: The Nagari from Colonisation to Decentralisation

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Evolution......Page 15
Ultrasound criteria......Page 16
Classification of events......Page 18
Future direction......Page 19
References......Page 20
Chromosomal abnormality in the fetus......Page 23
Previous reproductive history of the mother......Page 24
Socio-economic status......Page 25
Physical and psychological stress......Page 26
Which risks to discuss?......Page 27
Emotional reactions......Page 28
Coping strategies when dealing with risk......Page 29
References......Page 30
Ultrasound diagnosis......Page 33
Surgical management......Page 34
Medical management......Page 36
Subsequent fertility......Page 38
References......Page 39
Transabdominal ultrasound......Page 43
Transvaginal ultrasound......Page 44
Three-dimensional ultrasound......Page 46
Reproductive performance......Page 47
Uterine anomalies in early pregnancy......Page 48
References......Page 49
Normal findings in early pregnancy......Page 53
Gestation sac with yolk sac......Page 54
Normal embryonic development......Page 55
First trimester findings in multiple gestations......Page 57
Failure to meet milestones......Page 58
Retained products of conception......Page 60
Embryonic bradycardia......Page 61
Perigestational hemorrhage......Page 62
Fetal anomalies......Page 63
References......Page 64
Natural course and clinical findings......Page 67
Diagnostic management......Page 68
Prevention of early pregnancy loss......Page 69
Therapeutic management......Page 70
References......Page 71
Endocrinological investigations......Page 73
Cytogenetic analysis of miscarriage tissue......Page 74
Other thrombophilias......Page 75
Hyperhomocysteinemia......Page 76
References......Page 77
True molar pregnancies......Page 81
Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM)......Page 82
Partial hydatidiform moles......Page 84
Rare causes of true partial hydatidiform mole......Page 85
References......Page 86
Uterine natural killer cells......Page 89
The source of uNK cells......Page 90
Regulation of menstruation......Page 91
Regulation via cytokine production......Page 92
Uterine NK cells and recurrent miscarriage......Page 93
Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
Cytogenetics in human reproduction......Page 103
Investigation and management of genetic factors in recurrent pregnancy loss......Page 105
Premplantation genetic screening and recurrent pregnancy loss......Page 106
References......Page 107
Background......Page 109
Reciprocal translocations......Page 110
Recently developed laboratory techniques (molecular cytogenetics)......Page 113
Screening strategies......Page 115
Pregnancy outcome in carriers......Page 116
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis......Page 117
Summary, conclusions and focus of future research......Page 118
References......Page 119
Dilatation of the cervical canal......Page 121
Incision of the chorion and the amnion......Page 122
Embryonic malformations......Page 123
Head defects......Page 124
Correlation of embryonic morphology and karyotype in early abortion specimens......Page 125
What additional information can be gained from a morphological examination of the embryo with a normal karyotype?......Page 127
References......Page 128
Acquired thrombophilia and recurrent early pregnancy loss......Page 131
Screening for Antiphospholipid syndrome......Page 132
Prevalence of Antiphospholipid syndrome......Page 133
Treatment of Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy......Page 134
Role of aspirin in Antiphospholipid syndrome......Page 135
Heparin and Antiphospholipid syndrome......Page 136
Hyperhomocysteinemia......Page 138
Acquired protein C resistance......Page 139
Global markers of prothrombotic disorders......Page 140
Future pregnancy management in recurrent miscarriage patients with thrombophilia......Page 141
Unexplained recurrent miscarriage and the role of supportive care......Page 142
References......Page 143
Thrombophilia......Page 149
The risk of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy......Page 150
Association between thrombophilia and pregnancy failure......Page 151
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in women with thrombophilia without prior venous thromboembolism......Page 153
Women with thrombophilia and recurrent miscarriage......Page 154
Women with inherited thrombophilia and a single pregnancy loss......Page 155
References......Page 156
Thrombosis risk and early pregnancy......Page 161
Thrombosis risk and travel......Page 162
Prevention of travel-elated VTE......Page 164
Advice to women who undertake longaul travel during early pregnancy......Page 165
References......Page 166
Introduction......Page 169
Heterogeneity of immunization protocols......Page 170
Heterogeneity of patient populations......Page 171
Intravenous immunoglobulin......Page 172
Heterogeneity of treatment protocols......Page 173
Harm effects of IvIg......Page 174
Conclusions......Page 175
References......Page 176
The endometrium as a tissue......Page 179
Regulation of the endometrial gene expression profile......Page 180
Pinopodes and immunohistochemical markers......Page 181
Gene expression markers......Page 182
Endometrial receptivity as a global process......Page 183
New methods for endometrial receptivity studies......Page 184
References......Page 185
Historical perspective......Page 189
Implantation window and defects in uterine receptivity......Page 190
Endometrial histology......Page 191
Hormonal assessment......Page 193
Pinopods and ultrastructural organelles......Page 194
Ultrasound, Doppler flow and MRI......Page 195
Sonohysterography......Page 197
Biomarkers of endometrial receptivity......Page 198
Integrins and cell adhesion molecules......Page 199
Cytokines......Page 200
Unexplained infertility......Page 201
Recurrent pregnancy loss......Page 202
References......Page 203
Pre-implantation blastocyst......Page 217
Apposition and adhesion......Page 218
Invasion......Page 219
Steroid hormones......Page 220
Integrins......Page 222
Vascular endothelial growth factors......Page 223
Hox genes......Page 224
Immunological factors......Page 225
References......Page 226
Fibroids......Page 231
Thrombophilias......Page 232
The embryo factor......Page 233
Ovarian stimulation regimen......Page 234
Embryo transfer technique......Page 236
Nitric oxide donors......Page 237
Glucocorticoids......Page 238
What can the patient do?......Page 239
Conclusions......Page 240
References......Page 241
Implantation overview......Page 245
Trophoblast invasion of the decidua......Page 246
The consequences of failed transformation of the spiral arteries......Page 247
What allows/promotes trophoblast invasion?......Page 248
Trophoblast deportation......Page 249
Effects of trisomies and other genetic abnormalities on trophoblasts......Page 250
References......Page 251
Embryo morphology at days 2/3......Page 255
Zygote and early cleavage assessment......Page 256
Assisted hatching......Page 257
Metabolomic analysis......Page 258
References......Page 259
Triplets and higherrder pregnancies......Page 263
Chorionicity......Page 264
Technical aspects and influence of experience......Page 265
Outcomes after embryo reduction......Page 266
Reduction of triplets to twins......Page 267
Reduction of higherrder (four or more) pregnancies......Page 268
Impact of embryo reduction on long-erm neurological outcome......Page 269
References......Page 270
How should these patients be managed?......Page 273
Numeric chromosome errors in miscarriages following IVF......Page 274
Approach to patients with euploid miscarriages after IVF......Page 276
Tubal disease......Page 277
Endometrial factors......Page 278
References......Page 279
Pathology......Page 285
The vanishing embryo syndrome......Page 286
Diagnosis and frequency......Page 287
Obstetric complications......Page 288
Long-term outcome......Page 290
References......Page 291
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome......Page 295
Cervical weakness......Page 296
Uterine anomaly......Page 297
Trial results......Page 298
The procedure......Page 299
Results of transabdominal cerclage......Page 300
The role of transabdominal cerclage......Page 301
References......Page 303
Index......Page 305