Polish: An Essential Grammar

Cover
Polish: An Essential Grammar
Copyright
Contents
Abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: The Polish Language
Chapter 1: Alphabet
Chapter 2: Pronunciation and stress
	2.1 Pronunciation
	2.2 Single vowels
	2.3 Nasal vowels
	2.4 Double vowels
	2.5 Consonants
	2.6 Identical double consonants
	2.7 Consonant types
	2.8 Devoicing of voiced consonants
	2.9 Voicing of unvoiced consonants
	2.10 Effect of vowel i on preceding consonant
	2.11 Normal stress
	2.12 Abnormal stress
	2.13 Stress in prepositional phrases
	2.14 Stress in nie and its verb
Chapter 3 Vowel and consonant alternations
	3.1 Vowel alternations
	3.2 Consonant alternations
Chapter 4 Studying an inflected language
	4.1 What is an inflected language?
	4.2 How do words change in Polish?
	4.3 What are the most common student errors?
	4.4 How to study a Polish text
	4.5 Sample text
Part II: Parts of Speech
Chapter 5: Verbs
	5.1 Infinitive
	5.2 Imperative mood
	5.3 Indicative mood
	5.4 Verb aspects
	5.5 Present tense
	5.6 Past tense
	5.7 Future tense
	5.8 Conditional tense
	5.9 Reflexive verbs
	5.10 Modal auxiliary verbs
	5.11 Impersonal verbs
	5.12 Subjectless sentences
	5.13 Translating ‘there is/are’
	5.14 Adverbial participles
	5.15 Verbal prefixes
	5.16 Reported speech
Chapter 6: Nouns
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nominative case
	6.3 Vocative case
	6.4 Accusative case
	6.5 Genitive case
	6.6 Locative case
	6.7 Instrumental case
	6.8 Dative case
Chapter 7: Pronouns
	7.1 Personal pronouns
	7.2 Reflexive pronouns
	7.3 Reciprocal pronouns
	7.4 Possessive pronouns
	7.5 Demonstrative pronouns
	7.6 Interrogative pronouns
	7.7 Distributive pronouns
	7.8 Relative pronouns
	7.9 Indefinite pronouns
Chapter 8: Adjectives
	8.1 Attributive (descriptive) adjectives
	8.2 Possessive adjectives
	8.3 Demonstrative adjectives
	8.4 Distributive adjectives
	8.5 Interrogative adjectives
	8.6 Relative adjectives
	8.7 Indefinite adjectives
	8.8 Numerical adjectives
	8.9 Special usage
	8.10 Full adjective declension
	8.11 Adjectival participles
	8.12 Comparative: -szy form
	8.13 Comparative: other forms
	8.14 Superlative: naj- form
	8.15 Superlative: other forms
	8.16 Adjective formation
Chapter 9: Adverbs
	9.1 Formation of regular adverbs
	9.2 Irregular adverbs
	9.3 Expressing emotion and body temperature
	9.4 Comparative: -ej/-iej form
	9.5 Comparative: irregular
	9.6 Comparative: other forms
	9.7 Superlative: naj- form
	9.8 Superlative: other forms
	9.9 Adverb formation with nie (un-/im-/in-)
	9.10 Adverbs of time
	9.11 Adverbial phrases of time
	9.12 Adverbs of place
	9.13 Adverbs of manner
	9.14 Adverbs of degree
	9.15 Adverbs of frequency
	9.16 Adverbial phrases of frequency
	9.17 Adverbs of modification
	9.18 Adverbial phrases of modification
	9.19 ‘Throw-away’ adverbs
	9.20 Question tags
Chapter 10: Prepositions
	10.1 Addition of extra e
	10.2 Compound prepositions
	10.3 Accusative case prepositions
	10.4 Genitive case prepositions
	10.5 Locative case prepositions
	10.6 Instrumental case prepositions
	10.7 Dative case prepositions
	10.8 Dual-case locative/accusative prepositions
	10.9 Dual-case instrumental/accusative prepositions
Chapter 11: Conjunctions
	11.1 Coordinating conjunctions
	11.2 Subordinating conjunctions
Chapter 12: Numerals
	12.1 List of cardinal and ordinal numbers
	12.2 Declension of cardinal numbers
	12.3 Declension of ordinal numbers
	12.4 ‘Another/second/one more’
	12.5 ‘Former/latter’
	12.6 Collective numbers
	12.7 ‘Pair’
	12.8 Indefinite numbers
	12.9 Fractions, decimals, percentages
	12.10 Weights and measures
	12.11 Age
	12.12 Dates
	12.13 Temperature
	12.14 Money
	12.15 Clock time
	12.16 Nouns derived from numbers
Chapter 13: Interjections, idiomatic phrases, greetings
	13.1 Interjections
	13.2 Idiomatic phrases
	13.3 Common greetings
Chapter 14: Particles
	14.1 Czy
	14.2 Li
	14.3 No
	14.4 Że or ż
	14.5 Niech and niechaj
	14.6 Oby
	14.7 By
	14.8 Nie
	14.9 Ś
	14.10 To
	14.11 Ci
	14.12 A
Part III: Sentence Elements and Structure
Chapter 15: Sentence elements
	15.1 Types of clause
	15.2 Elements of a sentence
	15.3 Grammatical cases
Chapter 16: Sentence structure
	16.1 Word order
	16.2 Punctuation
Appendix 1: Typical noun declension
Appendix 2: Typical pronoun declension
Appendix 3: Typical adjective declension
Appendix 4: Question words
Appendix 5: First conjugation verbs (-am, -a, -ają) – all tenses
Appendix 6: Third conjugation verbs – present tense
Appendix 7: Fourth conjugation verbs – present tense
Appendix 8: Perfective and imperfective verb aspects
Appendix 9: Verb być and mieć – all tenses
Index