Policing Afghanistan: The Politics of the Lame Leviathan

Title Pages
Acknowledgements
Glossary
1. Introduction
	Abstract and Keywords
	Policing as the object of study
	Policing in the context of state formation and state-building
	Policing in history
	Throwing light on the mystery of institution building
	The Afghan context
	Notes:
2. Background: history of police in Afghanistan
	Abstract and Keywords
	The origins
	To 1978
	Structural development
	Territorial and population control
	Command and control
	Rule of law and professionalisation
	1978–2001
		Politicisation and the first assault on meritocracy, 1978–9
		A new institutional order, under Soviet patronage (1979–92)
		State collapse and the second assault on meritocracy, 1992–6
		Policing under the Taliban
	Notes:
3. Afghanistan’s police in 2002
	Abstract and Keywords
	A new year zero of policing
	The early post-2001 political economy
	Notes:
4. The changing post-2001 operating environment
	Abstract and Keywords
	Notes:
5. The uncertain impact of external assistance
	Abstract and Keywords
	Financial assistance
	Training, mentoring and advising
		The beginnings
		The American wave
		Impact of assistance
	Notes:
6. Internal organisation and reorganisation
	Abstract and Keywords
	Structural development
	Professionalisation
		Local/non-local
		Indiscipline
		Cooperation with other government institutions
		Investigative capabilities
		Reporting and record keeping
		Pay and retention
		Education
		Competence and motivation
	Corruption
		The corruption landscape
		Case study: the ANP and illegal tolls
		Counter-narcotics
		Ghost police
		Fighting corruption
	Notes:
7. Recruitment and retention
	Abstract and Keywords
	The scarcity of professionals
	Charismatic officers and patrons
	Provincial dynamics: Balkh’s most durable stationary bandit
	Façades of reform
	Purges, clean-ups and patronage
		Ethnicity
		Political affiliation
		Professionalism
		Lobbying
	Criminal networking and corruption
	Notes:
8. The ultimate test of functionality: the paramilitary dimension
	Abstract and Keywords
	The early days
	Commanding and controlling the police
	Impact of improvement efforts
	Persistent patrimonialism
	Collaboration with the enemy
	Alternative models?
	Control of territory and population
		The early days
		Persistent weakness
		Wasteful use of human resources
		Reduction of coverage faced with the insurgency
	Reporting
	Logistics
	Notes:
9. The ambiguous impact of reform
	Abstract and Keywords
	The first wave of reforms and the difficulties of re-centralisation
		Nature of the reforms
		The centralisation effort vis-à-vis the strongmen
		Provincial dynamics: Faryab province, 2004
		Provincial dynamics: Kandahar province, 2005
		The Trojan horse which was not
		The lone reformer at the top
		Thermidor: from reform to technical improvements
	The debate over paramilitary or civilian policing
	Gender issues
	Pay and rank reform
	The rule of law
		The Afghan Leviathan and the rule of law
		External oversight and accountability
		The foreigners’ influence
		Abusive and arbitrary behaviour
	Torture
	Illegal detention
	Arbitrary executions
		Riot control
		Community demands and rule of law
	Notes:
10. Provincial dynamics: a case study of Herat
	Abstract and Keywords
	Historical background
	Police during Ismail Khan’s first rule over Herat (1992–5)
	Police under the Taliban’s Emirate
	Police during Ismail Khan’s second rule over Herat (2001–4)
		Building a loyal police force
		Command and control of the Police
		Police corruption
	Police in post-Ismail Khan Herat
		Police and politics
		Command and control
		Political economy
		Police corruption and criminal behaviour
		Oversight of the police
	Notes:
11. Conclusion
	Abstract and Keywords
References
Index