Policing

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
DEI Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Foundations
	Chapter 1 Origins and Evolution of American Policing
		The Origins of Policing
			From Private to Public Policing
			The Influence of the English Model
			Policing Comes to America
		Policing Eras
			The Political Era
			The Reform Era
			The Community Era
			New Policing Eras
		Beyond Local Law Enforcement
			The Emergence of State Agencies
			The First Federal Agencies
		The Case: The 50th Anniversary of Female FBI Special Agents
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 2 Policing in the American Context
		Policing in American Government
			Policing in a Democracy
			Policing and Federalism
		The Police Organizational Environment
			The Community
			Government Officials
			The Media
			Other Law Enforcement Agencies
		Police as a Piece of the Criminal Justice Puzzle
			The Criminal Justice Process
			Relationships with Prosecutors
			Relationships with Corrections Officials
		The Case: Procedural Justice
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 3 Law Enforcement Agencies and Their  Organization
		Agencies of Law Enforcement
			How Many Are There
			Federal Agencies
			State Agencies
			Local Agencies
		The Organization of Law Enforcement Agencies
			How Police Departments Differ from Other Organizations
			Traditional and Contemporary Organization
		Private Policing and Security
			Private Security versus Private Policing
			Private Policing versus Public Policing
			Controversies in Private Policing
		The Case: Private Security and Social Inequality
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
Part 2 A Career in Policing
	Chapter 4  Becoming a Cop
		Hiring and Training
			The Hiring Decision
		The Academy and Field Training
			The Academy
			Field Training and Development
			Beyond Field Training
		Diversity and Discrimination
			Equal Employment Opportunity
		Realities of the Job
			Stress
			Fatigue
			Sexual Harassment
		The Case: Police Trainees with “Strong Moral Character
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 5 Police Subculture
		Culture: What Is It
			Culture versus Subculture
			Elements of Culture
		Sources of Police Subculture
			Organizational Factors
			The Street Environment
			Administration
			Other Criminal Justice Agencies
			The Media
		Components of Police Subculture
			Control of Territory
			Use of Force
			Danger, Unpredictability, and Suspicion
			Solidarity
			Other Components of Police Subculture
		The Case: Police Subculture and Officer Stress
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 6 Police Discretion and Behavior
		Defining Discretion
			Classic Studies of Police Discretion
			Violence and the Police
			The Pros and Cons of Police Discretion
			Discretion and Seniority
		Explaining Police Behavior
			The Universalistic Perspective
			The Particularistic Perspective
			Socialization or Predisposition
		Police Decision Making
			Organizational Factors
			Neighborhood Factors
			Situational Factors
			Individual Officer Characteristics
		The Case: The National Law Enforcement Knowledge Lab
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
Part 3 On the Job
	Chapter 7 Core Police Functions
		The Police Mission
		Patrol
			Types of Patrol
			How Much Patrol Is Really Preventive
			How Effective Is Patrol
			The Response Role
			The Traffic Function
		Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance
			Managing Disorder and Quality-of-Life Issues
			Civil Disobedience and Crisis Situations
		Investigations
			The Evolution of Investigations
			Investigative Goals and Process
			Undercover Work
		The Case: High-Tech Innovation Meets Law Enforcement
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 8 Community Policing and Community Involvement
		Community Justice and Problem-Oriented Policing
			Community Justice
			Problem-Oriented Policing
		Community Policing
			The Birth of Community Policing
			Definitions of Community Policing
			The Extent of Community Policing
			Critical Views of Community Policing
			Examples of Community Policing
			The Future of Community Policing
		Citizen Involvement and Civilianization
			Citizen Patrol and Citizen Police Academies
			Civilianization
		Third-Party Policing
			Beyond the Criminal Law
		The Case: A Digital Partnership with the Community
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 9 Policing in the Modern Era
		The Imprint of Technology on Policing
			Crime Mapping Advances
			Crime Intelligence Systems
			Predictive Analytics
			Smart Sensors and Virtual Patrols
			Websites and Social Media
			Compstat
			Computer-Assisted Training
			Wearables and Tracking Devices
		Intelligence-Led Policing
			Intelligence
			The Intelligence Process
			The Nature of Intelligence-Led Policing
		Evidence-Based Policing
			Smart Policing Initiative
		The Case: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Policing
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
Part 4 Legal Issues
	Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Policing and the Law
		Search and Seizure
			When the Fourth Amendment Applies
			Defining Search and Seizure
			Justification
			The Rules of Search and Seizure
			Other Search-and-Seizure Issues
		Confessions and Interrogations
			Three Approaches to Confession Law
			The Miranda Approach to Confessions and Interrogations
			Controversy over Miranda
			Other Miranda Issues
			The Importance of Documenting a Confession
		The Case: A Proper Automobile Search
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Chapter 11 Civil Liability and Accountability
		Civil Liability
			Section 1983 Liability
			State Tort Liability
		Other External Accountability Measures
			Citizen Oversight
			Citizen Complaints
			Consent Decrees
			Agency Accreditation
			The Exclusionary Rule
			Criminal Prosecution
		Accountability from the Inside
			Internal Affairs
			Codes of Ethics
			Sentinel Event Reviews
		The Case: Early Warning Interventions
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
	Part 5 Challenges
		Chapter 12 Deviance, Ethics, and Professionalism
			Discovering Deviance
				The Wickersham Commission
				The Knapp Commission
			Typologies of Deviance
				The Dark Side of Policing
				Classifying Corruption
				Police Misconduct
				Other Forms of Deviance
				Examples of Police Deviance
			Explanations, Incidence, and Controls
				Explaining Police Deviance
				How Common Is Police Deviance
				Controlling Police Deviance
			The Case: Reducing Fear during Police Interactions
			Summary and Key Concepts
			Endnotes
	Chapter 13 The Use of Force
		Use of Force
			Levels of Force
			Use-of-Force Policy
			Applications of Force
		Deadly Force
			Legal Standards
			Patterns of Deadly Force
			Suicide by Cop
		Nondeadly Force
			Legal Standards
			Less Lethal Weapons
		Excessive Force and Abuse of Authority
			Types of Excessive Force
		The Case: Burnout, Traumatic Stress, Compassion Fatigue, and Moral Injury
		Summary and Key Concepts
		Endnotes
Glossary
Name and Organization Index
Subject Index