Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN: 0471740640......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.2 Concept of Light Polarization......Page 13
1.3 Description of The State of Polarization......Page 15
1.4 The Stokes Concept......Page 18
1.5 The Jones Concept......Page 20
1.6 Coherence and Polarized Light......Page 22
References......Page 28
2.2 Analytical Background......Page 30
2.3 Time Harmonic Fields and Plane Waves......Page 33
2.4 Maxwell’s Equations in Matrix Representation......Page 35
2.5 Separation of Polarizations for Inhomogeneous Problems......Page 39
2.6 Separation of Polarizations for Anisotropic Problems......Page 40
2.7 Dielectric Tensor and Index Ellipsoid......Page 42
References......Page 47
3.1 Introduction......Page 48
3.2 Light Rays and Wave Optics......Page 49
3.3 Light Propagation Through Interfaces (Fresnel Formula)......Page 51
3.4 Propagation Direction of Rays in Crystals......Page 58
3.5 Propagation Along A Principal Axis......Page 63
3.6 Rays at Isotropic–Anisotropic Interfaces......Page 66
3.7 Gaussian Beams......Page 75
References......Page 80
4.1 Maxwell Equations for Stratified Media......Page 81
4.2 Jones Formalism in Examples......Page 82
4.3 Extended Jones Matrix Method......Page 87
4.4 The 4 × 4 Berreman Method......Page 94
4.5 Analytical Solution for A Birefringent Slab......Page 98
4.6 Reflection and Transmission......Page 101
References......Page 102
5.1 Introduction......Page 104
5.2 Description of the FDTD Method......Page 105
5.3 Implementation and Boundary Conditions......Page 109
5.4 Rigorous Optics for Liquid Crystals......Page 110
References......Page 111
6.2 Polymers for Optics......Page 114
6.3 Physical Properties of Polymers......Page 117
6.4 Optical Properties of Polymers......Page 119
6.5 Liquid Crystal Phases......Page 121
6.6 Liquid Crystal Polymers......Page 129
6.7 Birefringence in Isotropic Materials......Page 132
6.8 Form Birefringence......Page 133
6.9 Order-Induced Birefringence......Page 137
6.10 Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals and Oriented Polymers......Page 141
References......Page 150
7.1 Introduction......Page 153
7.2 Microscope Characteristics......Page 154
7.3 Polarization Microscope......Page 161
7.4 Polarizers......Page 164
7.5 Polarization Colors......Page 167
7.6 Compensation and Retardation Measurement......Page 175
7.7 Conoscopy......Page 179
7.8 Local Polarization Mapping......Page 191
References......Page 193
8.1 Introduction......Page 195
8.2 Calculation of Liquid Crystal Director Distributions......Page 196
8.3 Optical Properties of Uniform Textures......Page 211
8.4 Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal Defects......Page 223
8.5 Surface Line Defects in Nematics......Page 226
8.6 Defects in Smectic Phases......Page 237
8.7 Confined Nematic Liquid Crystals......Page 240
8.8 Instabilities in Liquid Crystals......Page 247
8.9 Deformation of Liquid Crystal Directors by Fringing Fields......Page 250
8.10 Resolution Limit of Switchable Liquid Crystal Devices......Page 254
8.11 Switching in Layered Phases......Page 260
References......Page 264
9.1 Birefringent Optical Elements......Page 269
9.2 Fabrication of Refractive Components......Page 270
9.3 Optical Properties of Modified Birefringent Components......Page 275
9.4 Liquid Crystal Phase Shifters......Page 282
9.5 Modal Control Elements......Page 285
9.6 Interferometers Based on Polarization Splitting......Page 290
9.7 Birefringent Microlenses......Page 296
9.8 Electrically Switchable Microlenses......Page 300
References......Page 308
10.1 Introduction......Page 313
10.2 Principles of Fourier Optics......Page 314
10.3 Polarization Properties......Page 317
10.4 Diffraction at Binary Gratings......Page 318
10.5 Concepts and Fabrication......Page 323
10.6 Diffractive Elements Due to surface Modifications......Page 328
10.7 Electrically Switchable Gratings......Page 336
10.8 Switchable Diffractive Lenses......Page 350
References......Page 353
11.1 Reflection by Multilayer Structures......Page 360
11.2 Polymer Films......Page 369
11.3 Giant Polarization Optics......Page 371
11.4 Reflection by Cholesteric Liquid Crystals......Page 372
11.5 Color Properties of Cholesteric Bragg Reflectors......Page 377
11.6 Apodization of Cholesteric Bragg Filters......Page 381
11.7 Reflection by Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals......Page 382
11.8 Depolarization Effects by Polymer Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals......Page 386
11.9 Defect Structures in Cholesteric Bragg Reflectors......Page 389
11.10 Structured Cholesteric Bragg Filters......Page 392
11.11 Plane Wave Approach to the Optics of Blue Phases......Page 393
References......Page 400
Index......Page 403
Back Page......Page 412