Polariton Physics: From Dynamic Bose–Einstein Condensates in Strongly-coupled Light–matter Systems to Polariton Lasers

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
	Abbreviations
	Symbols
1 Towards Polariton Condensates and Devices
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Bose–Einstein Condensation of Polaritons
	1.3 Endeavours to Achieve Polariton Lasers
	1.4 More Exciton–Polariton Physics
	1.5 Further Polaritons Not Detailed in This Book
	References
2 Fundamentals of Polariton Physics
	2.1 The Origin of Polaritons
		2.1.1 Fundamental Light–Matter Interaction
		2.1.2 Cavity–Polaritons
	2.2 Building-Blocks for Polariton Formation
		2.2.1 Excitons in Quantum Wells
		2.2.2 Confined Photons
	2.3 Light–Matter Coupling
		2.3.1 Exciton–Polaritons
		2.3.2 Detuning Dependencies of Polariton Modes
	References
3 On the Condensation of Polaritons
	3.1 Bosonic Many-Particle Features
		3.1.1 Condensation of a Bose Gase
		3.1.2 Criteria for Condensation
		3.1.3 Dynamical Bose–Einstein Condensation of Polaritons
	3.2 Excitation and Relaxation Dynamics
		3.2.1 Excitation of Polaritons
		3.2.2 Relaxation Towards the Energy Minimum
		3.2.3 The Bottleneck Effect
		3.2.4 Stimulated Ground-State Scattering
	References
4 The Concept of Polariton Lasing
	4.1 Polariton Lasers—Electrically-Driven, Please!
		4.1.1 What Is It About?
		4.1.2 The Stimulated Scattering Process
	4.2 Comparison with Photon Lasing (Lasing  in the Weak-Coupling Regime)
		4.2.1 What Is a Laser?
		4.2.2 Stimulated Emission, Laser Conditions and Coherence Properties
		4.2.3 Bernard–Duraffourg Condition in Semiconductors
		4.2.4 Similarities and Differences Between Polariton  and Photon Lasers
	4.3 Identification of Polariton Lasing
		4.3.1 Prerequisites and the Signatures of a Polariton Condensate
		4.3.2 Overview on the Typical Experimental Procedure
	References
5 Optical Microcavities for Polariton Studies
	5.1 Fabry–Pérot Microcavities
		5.1.1 Distributed Bragg Reflectors
		5.1.2 Planar Microresonator Structures
	5.2 Implementation of Quantum Wells
		5.2.1 Distribution of Quantum Wells
		5.2.2 Number of Quantum Wells
		5.2.3 Excitation Schemes
	5.3 Optical Properties of Resonators
		5.3.1 Free Spectral Range, Cavity Finesse, Photonic Density of States
		5.3.2 Resonator Quality
	References
6 Technological Realization of Polariton Systems
	6.1 Growth and Processing of Microcavity Devices
		6.1.1 Epitaxy of Multilayered Structures
		6.1.2 Potential Landscapes and Polariton Boxes
		6.1.3 Doped Microresonators
		6.1.4 Polariton Diodes
	6.2 Microcavities for Different Material Systems
		6.2.1 II/VI Microresonators
		6.2.2 Inorganic Room-Temperature Polariton Systems
		6.2.3 Organic Materials
		6.2.4 Perovskite-Based Exciton–Polariton Systems
		6.2.5 Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides
	References
7 Spectroscopy Techniques for Polariton Research
	7.1 Optical Spectroscopy
		7.1.1 Reflection and Transmission Measurements
		7.1.2 Micro-Photoluminescence Experiments
		7.1.3 Micro-Electroluminescence Studies
	7.2 Imaging and Real-Space Spectroscopy
		7.2.1 Sample Imaging for Position Monitoring  or Interferometry
		7.2.2 Spatially-Resolved Spectra
	7.3 Fourier-Space-Resolved Spectroscopy
		7.3.1 Goniometer-Like Technique
		7.3.2 Pinhole Translation Method
		7.3.3 Single-Shot Angle-Resolved Acquisition
	7.4 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
		7.4.1 Streak-Camera Measurements
		7.4.2 Pump–Probe Techniques
	References
8 Optically-Excited Polariton Condensates
	8.1 The Observation of Polariton Condensation
		8.1.1 Condensate Studies in the Literature
		8.1.2 Optical Pumping Schemes
		8.1.3 Spectral Features of Polaritons
	8.2 Condensation Experimentally Characterized
		8.2.1 Real-Space and Momentum-Space Distribution  of Condensate Emission
		8.2.2 Stimulated Scattering and Macroscopic Ground-State Occupation
		8.2.3 Link to BEC via Spatial Coherence Measurements
		8.2.4 Photon Statistics
	8.3 Special Condensate Features
		8.3.1 Polaritons at Their Extremes
		8.3.2 Coherent Polariton Lasers
		8.3.3 Superfluidity and Vortices in Condensates
	References
9 Polaritons in External Fields
	9.1 Effects of External Fields on Quantum-Well Excitons
		9.1.1 Electro-Optical Tuning
		9.1.2 Coupling to Strong Transient Electric Fields
		9.1.3 Magneto-Optics with Excitons
	9.2 Magneto-Polaritons in Microcavity Systems
		9.2.1 Manipulating the Excitonic Component of Polaritons
		9.2.2 Spinor Condensates in External Magnetic Fields
	9.3 Interaction with Transient Fields
		9.3.1 Terahertz Radiation and Polaritons
		9.3.2 Addressing the Dark Side of Polaritons
	References
Appendix  Glossary
Index