Point-of-Care Biosensors for Infectious Diseases

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Biosensors for Infectious Diseases-Fundamentals
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biosensors Fundamental Aspects
	1.3 Classifications of Biosensor
		1.3.1 Biorecognition Perspective
	1.4 Transduction Through Signals
		1.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
		1.4.2 Optical
		1.4.3 Thermometric (Calorimetric)
		1.4.4 Mass-Sensitive
		1.4.5 Electrical
	1.5 Conclusions
	References
2 Nuts and Bolts of Modern Biosensing Technology: Smart Health Diagnostic Devices
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nuts and Bolts for Point-of-Care (POC) Biosensor-Based Testing
		2.2.1 Analytes
		2.2.2 Receptors and Sensing Elements
		2.2.3 Transducer
		2.2.4 Signal Processing Unit
	2.3 Advances in Biosensing Technology
		2.3.1 Advanced Sensors for Detecting Pathogens
		2.3.2 Advanced Biosensors for Monitoring Metabolites
	2.4 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
3 Disease Related Detection with Electrochemical Biosensors
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
		3.2.1 Materials
		3.2.2 Working Principle
	3.3 Immobilization of Different Biomolecules
	3.4 Different Types of Techniques Used in EC Biosensors for Detection of Various Diseases
		3.4.1 Voltametric Biosensor
		3.4.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
		3.4.3 Impedance Biosensors
		3.4.4 Amperometric Biosensors
		3.4.5 Potentiometric Biosensors
		3.4.6 Electrochemical Immunosensor
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Direction
	References
4 Biosensors for Point-of-Care (POC) Applications: The Flag Bearer of the Modern Medicinal Technology to Tackle Infectious Diseases
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Classification of POC Biosensors for Detection of Infectious Diseases
		4.2.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensor
		4.2.2 Fluorescence-Based Biosensor
		4.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Biosensor
		4.2.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-Based Biosensor
		4.2.5 Chemiluminescence-Based Biosensor
		4.2.6 Colorimetric-Based Biosensors
		4.2.7 Magnetic-Based Biosensors
	4.3 Modern Devices for the Detection of Infectious Diseases
		4.3.1 Lab-on-a-Chip Devices and Lab-on-a-Disc Devices
		4.3.2 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical and Lateral Flow Devices
		4.3.3 Miniaturized PCR and Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Devices
	4.4 Scope and Challenges Associated with the Next-Generation POC Devices
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Organic- and Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials for Healthcare Diagnostics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Allotropes in Healthcare
	5.3 Inorganic Nanomaterials in Health Diagnosis
	5.4 Organic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Diagnosis
	5.5 Future Prospects
	References
6 CRISPR/Cas System: Applications in Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nucleic Acids: Role in the Diagnosis
		6.2.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acids
		6.2.2 Ribonucleic Acids
	6.3 Nucleic Acid Biomarkers in Infectious Diseases
	6.4 Nucleic Acid Detection and Limitations
	6.5 CRISPR/Cas System
		6.5.1 Characteristics Features of Different Cas Effectors
		6.5.2 CRISPR in Diagnostics
	6.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
7 Role of Piezoelectric Biosensors
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Types of Piezoelectric Biosensors
		7.2.1 Inorganic Piezoelectric Material
		7.2.2 Organic Piezoelectric Biosensors
	7.3 Application of Piezoelectric Biosensor Devices
		7.3.1 Immunosensors Based on Piezoelectric Material
		7.3.2 Piezoelectric Device with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
		7.3.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors for Genetic Information
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors for Detection of Infectious Diseases
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Biosensors
		8.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
		8.2.2 Colorimetric Biosensors
		8.2.3 Fluorescence Biosensors
	8.3 Types of Infectious Diseases
	8.4 Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors
		8.4.1 Recognition of Pathogens
		8.4.2 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors
	8.5 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors used for Infectious Diseases
		8.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		8.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
		8.5.3 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
		8.5.4 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs)
		8.5.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
		8.5.6 Miscellaneous Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
	8.6 Comparative Studies of Biosensors for Infectious Diseases: Advantages & Limitations
		8.6.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
		8.6.2 Fluorescence-Based Biosensors
		8.6.3 Colorimetric Biosensors
	8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
9 Biosensors for Point-of-Care Applications: Replacing Pathology Labs by Bedside Devices
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 POCT Relevance in Healthcare
	9.3 Self-Blood Glucose Monitoring
		9.3.1 Introduction
		9.3.2 Requirements for Self-Glucose Monitoring Device
		9.3.3 Types of Sensor-Based Monitoring System
	9.4 Methods of Blood Glucose Monitoring
		9.4.1 Enzymatic Assay Reaction
		9.4.2 Detection Method
		9.4.3 Errors Occuring in Blood Glucose Monitoring
		9.4.4 POCT for Blood Glucose Monitoring
	9.5 BloodGas Analysis
		9.5.1 Introduction
		9.5.2 Methodologies
		9.5.3 Electrochemical Sensors
		9.5.4 Optical Sensors
		9.5.5 Measurement of the Blood Gas Parameters
		9.5.6 pH
		9.5.7 PaCO2
		9.5.8 PaO2
		9.5.9 Glucose and Lactate Metabolites
		9.5.10 POCT of Blood Gas Analysis
	9.6 Urine Analysis
		9.6.1 Introduction
		9.6.2 Methodologies
		9.6.3 Measurement of the Parameters in the Urine Sample
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
10 Strategic Synthesis of Diagnostic Novel Materials Against Infectious Diseases
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Detection Needs at the POC
		10.2.1 Nanomaterials for Malaria Parasites Detection
		10.2.2 Nanomaterials for HIV
		10.2.3 Nanomaterials for HBV
		10.2.4 Nanomaterials for HPV
		10.2.5 Nanomaterials for Dengue Virus
		10.2.6 Nanomaterials for Ebola Virus
		10.2.7 Nanomaterials for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
		10.2.8 Nanomaterials for Zika Virus
		10.2.9 Nanomaterials for Biomarkers in Infectious Disease POCT
		10.2.10 Nanomaterials for Pathogen Nucleic Acids
		10.2.11 Nanomaterials for Antibodies and Proteins
	10.3 Technology Advancements in Infectious Disease POCT
	10.4 Futuristic Developments
	References
11 Development of a Diagnostic Kit for Point-of-Care Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Evolution of Biosensor
	11.3 Biosensors for Point-of-Care Sensing
		11.3.1 Fundamentals of Biosensor
		11.3.2 Bioreceptors in Biosensor
		11.3.3 Transducer in Biosensor
		11.3.4 Materials Used to Fabricate Biosensors
		11.3.5 Biosensors for Infectious Diseases
		11.3.6 Biosensor for the Detection of Dengue
		11.3.7 Biosensors for Tuberculosis
		11.3.8 Future Scope
	11.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
12 Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Infectious Diseases Diagnostics
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Design of Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
		12.2.1 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (PADs)
		12.2.2 Chip-Based Microfluidic LOCs
		12.2.3 Chip-Based Microfluidic Device Substrate Materials
		12.2.4 Fundamentals of Flow of Liquid in Microchannels
		12.2.5 Sampling
		12.2.6 Diagnostics Material/Biomarkers in Microfluidic Devices
		12.2.7 Signal Generation and Detection
	12.3 LOC for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
		12.3.1 LOC for Virus Detection
		12.3.2 LOC for Detection of Bacteria
	References
Index
EULA