Plurinational Afrobolivianity: Afro-Indigenous Articulations and Interethnic Relations in the Yungas of Bolivia

Cover\nContents\nList of Acronyms\nGlossary of Spanish and Aymara Terms\nAcknowledgements\n	Note on the use of names\nIntroduction\n	Theoretical framework\n		New perspectives on blackness and indigeneity in Latin America\n		Afro‐indigenous multiculturalisms\n		Afrobolivians and indigenous people in a mestizo nation\n		Emerging Afrobolivianity: articulations, performances and translations\n		Articulated Afrobolivianity and interethnic relations\n		Laws, rights and subjectivities\n		Legalizing identity and plurinational ID-ology\n	Overview of chapters\nChapter 1: Encountering Afrobolivianity\n	Some remarks on the particularities of Afrobolivian demography and social geography\n	Arriving in Cala Cala\n	Researching Afrobolivianity in Cala Cala\n		Roles and perspectives in the field\n	Researching Afrobolivianity beyond Cala Cala\n		Panorama of Afrobolivian organizations\n	Ethnographic fieldwork in times of ID-ology\nChapter 2: The Afrobolivian Presence in Bolivia, Then and Now\n	“Are there black people in Bolivia?” Invisibility and beyond\n	The regional context: the Yungas in Bolivia’s cultural geography\n	Afrobolivians in colonial and early republican society\n	Haciendas, the National Revolution and land reform in the Yungas\n	Cultural revitalization and emerging ethnic politics in the multicultural age\n	From multiculturalism to plurinationality\nChapter 3: “We are los Afros de Cala Cala”\n	Being Afro in Cala Cala\n	Geographical aspects of community in Cala Cala\n	“The Afrobolivian grandfathers” (“los abuelos afros”): From peones to sayañeros\n	Kinship beyond Cala Cala: linking Afrobolivians throughout the Yungas\n	Translocal kinship: Cala Cala’s urban ‘diaspora’\n	The changing tides of “lo Afro” in and beyond Cala Cala\n	From kinship ties to “La Famiya Afro”: kinship, ethnicity and collectivity\n	Los “Afros de Cala Cala” in context: migration, intra‐community conflict and cross‐cutting ties\nChapter 4: Cala Cala beyond “lo Afro”\n	“Cumplir función social”: becoming a member of the comunidad through practice\n	Local traditions and identidad Yungueña in Cala Cala\n	The coca economy: cooperation, cohesion and the distribution of labor\n		Growing coca and the social significance of the exchange of labor\n	Debates in the coca field\n		Law and politics as seen from the coca field: “hoy en día, todo es ley”\n		Raíces Africanas and Radio Afroboliviana\n		Plurinationality as “discurso ajeno”\n	Mobilizing Cala Cala: ADEPCOCA and the Ley General de la Coca\nChapter 5: The Changing Meanings of Ethnoracial Identifications in Cala Cala\n	“No se juntan así nomás”: ethnoracial identifications and individual social relations\n		“Es bien abierto por más Aymara que sea”: ethnoracial stereotypes\n	Economic individualization and the weakening of the cocalero community\n	Cultural revitalization and the ID-ological force of the Constitution\n		The aftermath of legal recognition: “We have to think about identity”\n	The sindicato as an “Aymara affair”\n	Reinterpreting history and inequality through an Afrobolivian lens\n	Entangled horizons of community in Cala Cala\nChapter 6: What It Means to Be Afro\n	“Yo soy doble Afro‐indígena, pero me siento afro”\n	Articulating Afrobolivianity: “lo Afro” and “lo indígena” in Bolivia\n		Afrobolivians as the people of the Yungas\n		Afrobolivians as part of the regional and global diaspora\n	Racialized notions of Afrobolivianity\n		Race and ethnicity in Latin America\n	Negotiating Afrobolivianity\n		Mamanis negros y Angolas indígenas: migration, kinship and the perceived perils of racial mixture\n		“Can just any white person dance here?” – An urban perspective on phenotype, ancestry and legitimate belonging\n		‘Social blackening’ and the appeal of “lo Afro”\n	Conclusion: Race, identity politics and the invisibility of “Afro-Aymara”\n		On (the invisibility of) Afro-Aymaras\n		Afroboliviano as negro\n		Afroboliviano beyond negro\nChapter 7: “We are Culture, not Color”\n	Saya as cultural performance\n		Debating history, authenticity and cultural change: saya de antes and saya de ahora\n		Saya as a strategy of visibilization\n		Saya as the emblem of ‘lite’ Afrobolivianity\n	Cataloging ‘culture,’ and sketching the contours of a pueblo\n		The Rey Afroboliviano in context\n	Arbitrariness, political manipulation and the Tocaña bias\n		The Tocaña bias\n	Currículo regionalizado del pueblo Afroboliviano: cataloging the essence of a people\n		Experts, categories and ‘culture’\n		Traditional knowledge, coevalness and plurinational anxiety\n		Making the group, freezing the differences\n	Conclusion\nChapter 8: “El Movimiento Afroboliviano”\n	Rediscovering saya: Coroico, 1982\n	Visibilizing the community (“Visibilizar la comunidad”)\n	Reclaiming saya: authenticity, ownership, appropriation\n	Migration, discrimination and the struggle to consolidate the movimiento\n	Contextualizing and decentering the foundational narrative\n	The pitfalls of folklorization and the shift “from performance to politics”\n		From negros to Afrobolivianos/Afrodescendientes\n		From folklore to cultural citizenship\n		CADIC and the discourse of development\n		Talleres (workshops) as spaces of articulation\n	Conclusion\nChapter 9: Rights, Recognition, and New Forms of Organization\n	“500 years give us rights!” Framing political demands as rights to be claimed\n		Afrobolivians “on their way to the Constituent Assembly”\n		Afrobolivians in the Constituent Assembly: formal absence, changing alliances and the ever‐present saya\n	The aftermath of recognition: el pueblo Afroboliviano as the subject of collective rights\n		Re‐articulations of Afrobolivianity and the dynamics of pueblo-ization\n	The Consejo Nacional Afroboliviano (CONAFRO): the organizational response to the pueblo discourse\n		Envisioning CONAFRO and the logic of movimientos sociales as a form of governance\n		Structural and ideological basics or: what it means to be an “ente matriz”\n		Strategies and achievements\n	The limits of recognition\n	Conclusion\nChapter 10: Plurinational Afrobolivianity on the Ground and Built Identity Politics\n	Origins and background of the project\n	Who should participate? Or: ethnoracial particularities and the limits of Cala Cala as a community\n	What are we going to show the tourists? Or: cataloging culture and the conceptual space of Afrobolivianity in the Yungas\n	Interpreting Afrobolivian culture\n	Reifying Afrobolivianity through infrastructure: the Centro de Interpretación as built identity politics\n	Conclusion\nConclusion: “Eso de lo Afro, es un caminar”\nBibliography\nNewspaper articles\nLaws and documents\n	Bolivian Laws (available at the homepage of the Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia: www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo)\n	International conventions, declarations and documents