Platelet-Rich Plasma in Tissue Repair and Regeneration: Technology and transformation application

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction
	1.1	 Naming and Classification
		1.1.1	 Nomenclature of Platelet Concentrate
		1.1.2	 Classification of Platelet Concentrate
	1.2	 Major Fields of Enriched Platelet Therapy in Clinical Application
	1.3	 Rational Thinking of Enriched Platelet Therapy in Clinical Application
	References
2: Overview of Platelet-Rich Plasma
	2.1	 History, Development, and Current Status of Platelet-Rich Plasma
	2.2	 Composition and Role of PRP
	2.3	 Current Preparation Methods and Principles
	References
3: PRP and Skin Barrier
	3.1	 PRP and Skin Physical Barrier
		3.1.1	 PRP Promotes the Proliferation of Skin Fibroblasts and Collagen Synthesis
		3.1.2	 PRP Remodels the ECM
		3.1.3	 PRP Promotes the Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid
		3.1.4	 PRP Increases G1 Cell Cycle Regulatory Factors to Regulate Cell Metabolism and Accelerate Tissue Renewal
		3.1.5	 PRP Enhances the Densification of Epidermal Structure
	3.2	 PRP and Skin Chemical Barrier
	3.3	 PRP and Skin Pigment Barrier
	3.4	 PRP and Skin Immune Barrier
	3.5	 PRP and Skin Nerve Barrier
	3.6	 PRP and Skin Microbial Barrier
	3.7	 PRP Influencing the Skin Structure, Barrier Cornified Envelope Development of Newborn Suckling Mouse
	3.8	 PRP and Its Clinical Application in Skin Barrier
	References
4: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Wound Healing
	4.1	 The Mechanism of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Promoting Wound Healing
		4.1.1	 The Process and Mechanism of Wound Healing
		4.1.2	 Theoretical Basis of PRP Application in Wound Repair
	4.2	 Clinical Application of PRP in Wound Repair
		4.2.1	 The Treatment of PRP in Osteonecrosis and Soft Tissue Defect After Tibiofibular Fracture Combined with Diabetes Mellitus
		4.2.2	 The Treatment of PRP in Infected Soft Tissue Defect After Trauma Debridement
		4.2.3	 The Treatment of PRP in Soft Tissue Defect After Trauma Debridement
	4.3	 Basic Study of PRP in Wound Repair
		4.3.1	 PRP Is Involved in all Stages of Wound Healing
			4.3.1.1	 General Observation of Wound Healing
		4.3.2	 PRP Participates in Wound Re-epithelialization by Regulating the Function of Epidermal Stem Cells (ESCs)
	References
5: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Scar
	5.1	 Application of PRP and Microneedle in Atrophic Scar
	5.2	 Application of PRP and Laser in Atrophic Scar
	5.3	 Hyperplastic Scar: Keloid
	5.4	 Promotes Healing and Prevents/Reduces Scarring
	References
6: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hair Regeneration
	6.1	 Physiological Structure of Hair Follicle
		6.1.1	 Hair Bulb
		6.1.2	 Superior Bulb Region
		6.1.3	 Isthmus
		6.1.4	 Infundibulum
	6.2	 The Growth Cycle of Hair Follicles
	6.3	 Hair Follicle Signaling Pathway
	6.4	 Basic Study on PRP and Hair Follicle Regeneration
	6.5	 Clinical Application of PRP in Treatment of Hair Regeneration
		6.5.1	 PRP Treatment for Androgenetic Alopecia
		6.5.2	 PRP Treatment for Patients with Alopecia Areata
	References
7: The Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Facial Rejuvenation
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 The Functional Mechanisms of PRP on Facial Rejuvenation
		7.2.1	 Platelet Concentrate Can Directly Promote Skin Renewal and Collagen Deposition
		7.2.2	 Platelet Concentrate Can Promote Neovascularization and Tissue Regeneration
		7.2.3	 Platelet Concentrates Release Bioactive Substances to Regulate Inflammatory Response
	7.3	 The Application of Facial Rejuvenation with PRP
		7.3.1	 The Treatment of PRP Alone on Facial Aging
		7.3.2	 The Treatment of PRP with Adipose Tissue on Facial Aging
		7.3.3	 The Treatment of PRP with Other Photoelectric Therapies on Facial Aging
	7.4	 The Treatment and Notes of PRP
		7.4.1	 Assessment of Facial Problems, Preoperative Photographing Method, and Informed Consent
		7.4.2	 Control of Systemic State
		7.4.3	 Control of Local Condition
		7.4.4	 Collect Blood and Preparation Technology
		7.4.5	 The Method of PRP Therapy
	References
8: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Skin Pigmentation
	8.1	 PRP and Skin Hyperpigmentation
	8.2	 PRP and Skin Hypopigmentation (Figs. 8.5, 8.6 and 8.7) or Depigmentation
	8.3	 Apply PRP Alone or in Combination
	8.4	 Conclusion
	References
9: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Bone Regeneration
	9.1	 History of PRP Research and Application
	9.2	 Application of PRP in Bone Defect and Nonunion
	9.3	 Application of PRP in Bone Infection
	9.4	 Application of PRP in Tendon-Bone Healing
	9.5	 Research of PRP-Derived Exosomes on Bone Generation
	References
10: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Its Derivatives and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 The Classification and Characterization of Platelet Aggregates
	10.3	 Autologous Platelet Concentrates (APCs) in the Treatment of Immature Necrotic Teeth
	10.4	 Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) in the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases
	10.5	 Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) in the Treatment of Bone Regeneration in Oral and Maxillofacial Region
		10.5.1	 Alveolar Ridge Preservation
		10.5.2	 Sinus Augmentation
		10.5.3	 Implant Therapy
		10.5.4	 Orthodontics
	10.6	 Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) in the Treatment of Soft Tissue Repair
	10.7	 Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) in the Treatment of Irradiation-Induced Salivary Gland Damage
	10.8	 The Preparation of Lyophilized Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (LL-PRF) and Its Effect on the Proliferative Capacity of BMSCs
		10.8.1	 Preparation of Lyophilized Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin (LL-PRF)
		10.8.2	 Characterization of LL-PRF and FL-PRF
	10.9	 Conclusions
	References
11: Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Other Aspects of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery
	11.1	 EPT in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction
		11.1.1	 EPT in the Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction
			11.1.1.1	 Female Sexual Dysfunction(FSD)
			11.1.1.2	 EPT in the Treatment of FSD (Figs. 11.1, 11.2 and 11.3)
				Research on the Improvement of Female Sexual Life Satisfaction by EPT
				Study on EPT Promoting Female Reproductive Organ Regeneration
			11.1.1.3	 Summary
		11.1.2	 EPT in the Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction
			11.1.2.1	 Erectile Dysfunction(ED)and Peyronie’s Disease(PD)
			11.1.2.2	 Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction with EPT
				Study on EPT in the Treatment of ED
				Study on EPT in the Treatment of PD
			11.1.2.3	 Summary
		11.1.3	 EPT in the Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus of Perineum in Men and Women
			11.1.3.1	 Lichen Sclerosus
			11.1.3.2	 Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus in Men and Women with EPT
			11.1.3.3	 Summary
		11.1.4	 Summary
	11.2	 Application of EPT in Lip Plastic Surgery
		11.2.1	 Application of EPT in Improving Nasolabial Groove
		11.2.2	 Application of EPT in Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery
		11.2.3	 Application of EPT in Correcting Lip Defect
	11.3	 Application of EPT in Ear Plastic Surgery
		11.3.1	 Basic Research of EPT in Ear Plastic Surgery
			11.3.1.1	 Protective Effect of EPT on Ear Skin Cartilage Complex Transplantation
			11.3.1.2	 Basic Study on the Protective Effect of EPT in Ear Reconstruction Tissue Engineering
				EPT Can Reduce the Inflammatory Reaction or Immune Rejection of Scaffold Materials in Tissue Engineering
				EPT Can Improve the Survival Rate of Cartilage in Tissue Engineering
				Application of EPT in Three-Dimensional Printing of Ear Tissue Engineering
		11.3.2	 Clinical Study of EPT in Ear Plastic Surgery
			11.3.2.1	 Clinical Application of EPT in Replantation of Severed Ear
			11.3.2.2	 Clinical Application of EPT in the Treatment of Ear Keloid
	11.4	 Application of EPT in Orbital Lightening
	11.5	 Application of EPT in Improving Facial Skin Texture
	References
12: The Application of PRP in Fat Transplantation
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 The Basic Research of PRP in Fat Transplantation
		12.2.1	 The Research of PRP in ADSCs
		12.2.2	 The Animal Research of PRP in Fat Transplantation
	12.3	 The Clinical Application of PRP in Fat Transplantation
		12.3.1	 The Application of PRP and Fat in Breast Implant
		12.3.2	 The Application of PRP and Fat in Facial Contour
	12.4	 The Therapeutic Method and Notice of PRP and Fat Transplantation
		12.4.1	 Therapeutic Method
			12.4.1.1	 Selection of Supply Areas
		12.4.2	 Collection Method
		12.4.3	 Purification Method
			12.4.3.1	 Risks and Complications
			12.4.3.2	 Recovery Time
			12.4.3.3	 Notices
	References
13: Basic Research on the Effect of PRP on Cell Biological Function
	13.1	 Promote Cell Proliferation
	13.2	 Regulate Cell Cycle
	13.3	 Promote Cell Migration
	13.4	 Roles in Autophagy and Apoptosis
	References
14: The Molecular Mechanisms of PRP on Cell Biological Function
	14.1	 Molecular Signals for MSC Proliferation and Migration in PRP
	14.2	 Conclusion
	References
15: Quality Control and Application Transformation
	15.1	 Frozen Storage of Concentrate Platelets
	References
16: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Tissue Regeneration and Rehabilitation
	16.1	 Definition, Preparation Process, and Component Analysis of PRP
	16.2	 History and Development of PRP in the Field of Regeneration
	16.3	 The Status and Clinical Applications of PRP in the Field of Regeneration
		16.3.1	 Applications of PRP in Wound Healing
		16.3.2	 Application of PRP in Bone Fracture Healing
		16.3.3	 The Application of PRP in Aesthetic and Regenerative Medicine.
		16.3.4	 The Application of PRP in the Tendons, Ligament, and Muscle
		16.3.5	 The Application of PRP in Articular Cartilage Lesions and Osteoarthritis
		16.3.6	 The Application of PRP in Regenerative Dentistry
		16.3.7	 Problems and Challenges of PRP in Clinical Applications of Regeneration Medicine
	References
17: Outlook
	17.1	 Key Areas of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Where Concentrated Platelets Are Widely Used
	17.2	 Outlook and Thinking
		17.2.1	 According to the Therapeutic Needs, Different Compositions and Forms of Platelet Concentrates Can Be Used to Construct Different Tissue Engineering Biological Scaffolds
		17.2.2	 Rational View of Platelet Concentrate in the Clinical Application of Plastic Surgery