Plastic and Polymer Industry by Region: Production, Consumption and Waste Management in the African Continent

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	References
2 Polymers in Early Trade and Industry in Africa
	Origins of Plastics and Polymers
	The Early Trade and Industry in Africa
	Polymers of the Early Trade and Industries in Africa
	Silk
	Rubber
	Ivory
	Sisal
	Cotton
	Leather
	Casava
	Gum Arabic
	Challenges Faced by the Early Polymer Trade and Industries of Africa
	Conclusion
	References
3 Production and Processing Techniques of Some Polymeric Materials in Early Trade and Industry of Africa
	Production and Processing of Silk into Textiles
		Types of Silk
		Processing of Silk
	Production and Processing of Sisal
		Types of Sisal
		Cultivation and Harvesting of Sisal Plant
		Decortication of Sisal
		Retting and Beating
		Drying
		Biodegradation of Sisal
	Production and Processing of Cotton
		Cultivation of Cotton
		Ginning
		Carding, Cleaning, and Combing
		Spinning
		Cotton Weaving
	Production and Processing of Rubber
		Cultivation of Rubber
		The Rubber Tapping Process
		Processing of Latex into Rubber Lumps
		Transporting the Rubber to the Trade Point
		Environmental Impact of Rubber Tapping in Early Industry of Africa
	Ivory Sourcing and Processing
	The Ivory Trade
		Ivory from Elephants
		Ivory Removal from Elephants
		Processing of Ivory into Products
	Production and Processing of Leather
		Raising of Animals for Leather
		Extracting of Hides and Skins for Leather
	Production and Processing of Gum Arabic
		Cultivation of Gum Arabic Tree
		Extraction of Gum Arabic from the Acacia Tree
	Other Polymer Products
		Starch in Grains
		Thaumatococcus Daniellii Leaves
		Polysaccharides in Gums of Terminalia Sericea Tree
		Starch in Cassava
		Baskets and Basketry Objects
		Calabash Making
	Ancient Fibers in the Modern Era
	Conclusion
	References
4 Plastic and Polymer Consumption in Africa Today
	Plastic Use and Rise of Consumerism in Africa
	Tracing the Origin of Modern Polymers and Plastics in Africa
	Classification of Consumer Plastics
	Plastic and Polymer Consumption Rates
	Conclusion
	References
5 Plastic Bans in Africa
	Plastic Bans Across the World
	Leaders in Plastic Ban Across Africa
	Factors Influencing Successful Plastic Ban
	Harnessing the Promise of Plastics Last Forever
	Voluntary Plastic Reduction Strategies
	Impact of Plastic Bans in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
6 Plastics Recycling in Africa
	Plastic Recycling
	Collection and Recycling Infrastructure
	The Inherent Value of Used Plastics
	Plastic Recycling Enterprises Across Africa
		Mr Green Kenya
		Wecyclers Nigeria
		TakaTaka Kenya
		Proplast Senegal
		Polyco South Africa
		SoleRebels Ethiopia
		Ocean Sole, Kenya
		Repurpose Schoolbags, South Africa
		Ecoplast Kenya
	Plastic Recycling Initiatives by Multinational Companies in Africa
		SA Plastics Pact
		ReFlexNG
		PETCO South Africa
		African Plastics Recycling Alliance
		PRI Uganda
	Some Plastic Recycling Innovations Across Africa
		Roof Tiles from Recycled Plastics in Kenya
		Floor Tiles from Recycled Tyres in Nigeria
		Recycled Plastics Used in Roads in Morrocco
		Woven Recycled Plastics Floor Mat in Senegal
	Can Plastic Recycling be a Unique Opportunity for Africa?
	Defining a New Age of Plastics in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
7 Biopolymer Production and Applications
	Biopolymer Production, Types, and Classifications
	PHA from Bacteria
	Silk Fibroin and Silk Sericin from Silkworms
	Nanocellulose from Plants and Bacteria
	Collagen from Animal Waste
	Global and Regional Bioplastics Industry
	Bioplastic Producers in Africa
	Available Bioplastics and Biopolymer Resources in Africa
	Impact of the Growing Bioplastic Industry on Africa
	Biopolymers in Diverse Applications
	Food
	Drug and Vaccine Delivery
	Wound Healing and Tissue Repair
	Cosmetics
	Hair Care, Hair Extensions, and Hair Waste Utilization
	Biopolymers and Food Security
	Conclusion
	References
8 Plastics and Polymer Manufacturing and Processing in Africa Today
	An Overview of Africa’s Manufacturing Sector Today
	Plastic Manufacturers in Africa
	Plastic and Polymer Regulatory Bodies, Associations, and Events within Africa
	Rubber and Rubber Products’ Production in Africa
	Textile Manufacturers in Africa
	Other Polymers
	Challenges and Future Prospects of Plastics and Polymer Industry in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
9 Chemical Recycling and Energy Recovery from Plastics and Other Polymers in Africa
	Plastics Recycling Processes
	Chemical Plastics Recycling Technology
	Hydrothermal Processing
	Pyrolysis
	Gasification
	Energy Recovery Technology
	Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Ethiopia
	Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Uganda
	Blood, Rumen, and Bone Waste Anaerobic Digestion for Bioenergy Recovery
	Feedstock and Energy Need in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
10 Plastic and Polymer Waste Management Systems in Africa
	Global Waste Management
	Composition of Waste Generated in Africa
	An Overview of Waste Management Across Africa
	Observations of Open Plastic Waste Dumping
	Formal Waste Management Systems in Some Countries in Africa
	Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA)
	Municipal Solid Waste Management in Senegal
	Management of Plastic Waste in Kenya
	Solid Waste Management in Kampala
	Plastic Waste Management in Nigeria
	Examples of Informal Polymer Waste Management in Lagos
	Reuse of Plastic PET Bottles in Lagos
	Fish and Snail Waste Management in Lagos Market
	Waste from Fruit Peels
	Opportunities in Waste Management in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
11 Microplastics: Emerging Issues in Emerging Urbanization
	Introduction
	What Are Microplastics?
	Types of Microplastics
	Environmental and Health Impact of Microplastics
	Sources of Microplastics in the World’s Oceans
	Microplastics by Region
	Microfibers from Textiles
		Plastics in Synthetic Textiles
		Factors that Affect Microplastics Release from Textiles
		Pathway from Textiles into the Environment
	Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment
	Microplastics from Paints, Road Markings, and Coatings
	Microplastics Removal Methods
	Conclusion
	References
12 Future Outlook
	Opportunity for Sustainable Urbanization and The Plastic Industry in Africa
	Alternative Raw Materials for Polymers and Crude Oil Demand
	Opportunities in Alternative Polymer Materials
	Innovations in Plastic Waste Management
	Plastic Pollution is a Global Problem
	Rwanda-Peru Resolution
	Extended Producer Responsibility
	Data Collection on Plastics and Polymer Production and Waste Generation
	Waste Business and Increasing Demand for PCR
	Microplastics and Potential Impact on Development
	References
13 Conclusion and Recommendations