Plasma Physics and Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Authors
Part 1: Fundamentals of Plasma Physics and Engineering
	Chapter 1: Plasma in Nature, in the Laboratory, and in Industry
		1.1 Occurrence of Plasma, Natural and Man-Made Plasmas
		1.2 Gas Discharges
		1.3 Plasma Applications, Plasmas in Industry
		1.4 Plasma Applications for Environmental Control
		1.5 Plasma Applications in Energy Conversion
		1.6 Plasma Application for Material Processing
		1.7 Breakthrough Plasma Applications in Modern Technology
		1.8 Plasma Biology and Plasma Medicine
	Chapter 2: Elementary Processes of Charged Species in Plasma
		2.1 Elementary Charged Particles in Plasma and Their Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
			2.1.1 Electrons
			2.1.2 Positive Ions
			2.1.3 Negative Ions
			2.1.4 Elementary Processes of the Charged Particles
			2.1.5 Fundamental Parameters of Elementary Processes
			2.1.6 The Reaction Rate Coefficients
			2.1.7 Elementary Elastic Collisions of Charged Particles
		2.2 Ionization Processes
			2.2.1 The Direct Ionization by Electron Impact
			2.2.2 The Direct Ionization Rate Coefficient
			2.2.3 Peculiarities of Dissociation of Molecules by Electron Impact. The Frank-Condon Principle and the Process of Dissociative Ionization
			2.2.4 Stepwise Ionization by Electron Impact
			2.2.5 Ionization by High Energy Electron Beams
			2.2.6 Photoionization Processes
			2.2.7 The Ionization by Collisions of Heavy Particles, Adiabatic Principle, and Parameter Massey
			2.2.8 The Penning Ionization Effect and Process of Associative Ionization
		2.3 Mechanisms of Electron Losses: The Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.3.1 Different Mechanisms of Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.3.2 The Dissociative Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.3.3 Ion Conversion Reactions as a Preliminary Stage of the Dissociative Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.3.4 Three-Body Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.3.5 Radiative Electron–Ion Recombination
		2.4 Electron Losses due to Formation of Negative Ions: Electron Attachment and Detachment Processes
			2.4.1 Dissociative Electron Attachment to Molecules
			2.4.2 Three-Body Electron Attachment to Molecules
			2.4.3 Other Mechanisms of Formation of Negative Ions
			2.4.4 Mechanisms of Negative Ion Destruction, Associative Detachment Processes
			2.4.5 Electron Impact Detachment
			2.4.6 Detachment in Collisions with Excited Particles
		2.5 The Ion–Ion Recombination Processes
			2.5.1 Ion–Ion Recombination in Binary Collisions
			2.5.2 The Three-Body Ion–Ion Recombination, Thomson’s Theory
			2.5.3 High-Pressure Limit of the Three-Body Ion–Ion Recombination, Langevin Model
		2.6 The Ion–Molecular Reactions
			2.6.1 Ion–Molecular Polarization Collisions, the Langevin Rate Coefficient
			2.6.2 The Ion-Atom Charge Transfer Processes
			2.6.3 The Non-Resonant Charge Transfer Processes
			2.6.4 The Ion-Molecular Reactions with Rearrangement of Chemical Bonds
			2.6.5 Ion-Molecular Chain Reactions and Plasma Catalysis
			2.6.6 Ion-Molecular Processes of Cluster Growth, the Winchester Mechanism
		2.7 Problems and Concept Questions
			2.7.1 Electron Energy Distribution Functions
			2.7.2 Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities
			2.7.3 Positive and Negative Ions
			2.7.4 Mean Free Path of Electrons
			2.7.5 Reaction Rate Coefficients
			2.7.6 Elastic Scattering
			2.7.7 Direct Ionization by Electron Impact
			2.7.8 Comparison of Direct and Stepwise Ionization
			2.7.9 Stepwise Ionization
			2.7.10 Electron Beam Propagation in Gases
			2.7.11 Photoionization
			2.7.12 Massey Parameter
			2.7.13 Ionization in an Ion-Neutral Collision
			2.7.14 Ionization in Collision of Excited Heavy Particles
			2.7.15 Ionization in Collision of Vibrationally Excited Molecules
			2.7.16 Dissociative Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.7.17 Ion-Conversion, Preceding Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.7.18 Three-Body Electron–Ion Recombination
			2.7.19 Elementary Processes of Charged Species in Plasma
			2.7.20 Dissociative Attachment
			2.7.21 Negative Ions in Oxygen
			2.7.22 Associative Detachment
			2.7.23 Detachment by Electron Impact
			2.7.24 Negative Ions in Thermal Plasma
			2.7.25 Ion–Ion Recombination in Binary Collisions
			2.7.26 Three-Body Ion–Ion Recombination
			2.7.27 Langevin Cross Section
			2.7.28 Resonant Charge Transfer Process
			2.7.29 Tunneling Effect in Charge Transfer
			2.7.30 Non-Resonant Charge Exchange
			2.7.31 Plasma Catalytic Effect
			2.7.32 Winchester Mechanism
	Chapter 3: Elementary Processes of Excited Molecules and Atoms in Plasma
		3.1 Electronically Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma
			3.1.1 Electronically Excited Particles, Resonance, and Metastable States
			3.1.2 Electronically Excited Atoms
			3.1.3 Electronic States of Molecules and Their Classification
			3.1.4 Electronically Excited Molecules, Metastable Molecules
		3.2 Vibrationally and Rotationally Excited Molecules
			3.2.1 Potential Energy Curves for Diatomic Molecules, Morse Potential
			3.2.2 Vibration of Diatomic Molecules, Model of Harmonic Oscillator
			3.2.3 Vibration of Diatomic Molecules, Model of Anharmonic Oscillator
			3.2.4 Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules, the Case of Discrete Vibrational Levels
			3.2.5 Highly Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules, Vibrational Quasi-Continuum
			3.2.6 Rotationally Excited Molecules
		3.3 Elementary Processes of Vibrational, Rotational and Electronic Excitation of Molecules In Plasma
			3.3.1 Vibrational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact
			3.3.2 Lifetime of Intermediate Ionic States During the Vibrational Excitation
			3.3.3 Rate Coefficients of Vibrational Excitation by Electron Impact, Semi-Empirical Fridman’s Approximation
			3.3.4 Rotational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact
			3.3.5 Electronic Excitation of Atoms and Molecules by Electron Impact
			3.3.6 Rate Coefficients of Electronic Excitation in Plasma by Electron Impact
			3.3.7 Dissociation of Molecules by Direct Electron Impact
			3.3.8 Distribution of Electrons Energy in Non-Thermal Discharges Between Different Channels of Excitation and Ionization
		3.4 Vibrational (VT) Relaxation, Landau-Teller Formula
			3.4.1 Vibrational-Translational (VT) Relaxation, Slow Adiabatic Elementary Process
			3.4.2 Quantitative Relations for Probability of the Elementary Process of Adiabatic VT Relaxation
			3.4.3 VT-Relaxation Rate Coefficients for Harmonic Oscillators, Landau-Teller Formula
			3.4.4 The Vibrational VT-Relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillators
			3.4.5 Fast Non-Adiabatic Mechanisms of VT-Relaxation
			3.4.6 VT-relaxation of Polyatomic Molecules
			3.4.7 Effect of Rotation on the Vibrational Relaxation of Molecules
		3.5 Vibrational Energy Transfer Between Molecules, Vv-relaxation Processes
			3.5.1 Resonant VV-relaxation
			3.5.2 VV-relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillators
			3.5.3 Intermolecular VV′-exchange
			3.5.4 VV-Exchange of Polyatomic Molecules
		3.6 Processes of Rotational and Electronic Relaxation of Excited Molecules
			3.6.1 Rotational Relaxation
			3.6.2 Relaxation of Electronically Excited Atoms and Molecules
			3.6.3 The Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer Processes
		3.7 Elementary Chemical Reactions of Excited Molecules, Fridman-Macheret α-Model
			3.7.1 Rate Coefficient of the Reactions of Excited Molecules
			3.7.2 Potential Barriers to Elementary Chemical Reactions, Activation Energy
			3.7.3 The Efficiency “α” of Vibrational Energy in Overcoming the Activation Energy Barrier
			3.7.4 The Fridman-Macheret α-Model
			3.7.5 Efficiency of Vibrational Energy in Elementary Reactions Proceeding Through Intermediate Complexes
			3.7.6 Dissociation of Molecules Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation in Non-Equilibrium Plasma
			3.7.7 Dissociation of Molecules in Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Essential Contribution of Translational Energy
			3.7.8 Chemical Reactions of Two Vibrationally Excited Molecules in Plasma
		3.8 Problems and Concept Questions
			3.8.1 Lifetime of Metastable Atoms
			3.8.2 The Rydberg Correction Terms in the Bohr Model
			3.8.3 Metastable Atoms and Selection Rules
			3.8.4 Molecular Vibration Frequency
			3.8.5 Anharmonicity of Molecular Vibrations
			3.8.6 Maximum Energy of an Anharmonic Oscillator
			3.8.7 Isotopic Effect in Dissociation Energy of Diatomic Molecules
			3.8.8 Parameter Massey for Transition Between Vibrational Levels
			3.8.9 Anharmonicity of Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules
			3.8.10 Symmetric Modes of CO 2 Vibrations
			3.8.11 Transition to the Vibrational Quasi-Continuum
			3.8.12 Effect of Vibrational Excitation on Rotational Energy
			3.8.13 Cross Section of Vibrational Excitation by Electron Impact
			3.8.14 Multi-Quantum Vibrational Excitation by Electron Impact
			3.8.15 Rotational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact
			3.8.16 Cross Sections of Electronic Excitation by Electron Impact
			3.8.17 Electronic Excitation Rate Coefficients
			3.8.18 Influence of Vibrational Temperature on Electronic Excitation Rate Coefficients
			3.8.19 Dissociation of Molecules Through Electronic Excitation by Direct Electron Impact
			3.8.20 Distribution of Electron Energy Between Different Channels of Excitation and Ionization
			3.8.21 Probability of VT-relaxation in Adiabatic Collisions
			3.8.22 VT-relaxation Rate Coefficient as a Function of Vibrational Quantum Number
			3.8.23 Temperature Dependence of VT-relaxation Rate
			3.8.24 Semi-Empirical Relations for VT-relaxation Rate Coefficients
			3.8.25 VT-relaxation in Collision with Atoms and Radicals
			3.8.26 Surface Relaxation of Molecular Vibrations
			3.8.27 Vibrational Relaxation of Polyatomic Molecules
			3.8.28 The Resonant Multi-quantum VV-exchange
			3.8.29 The Resonant VV-relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillator
			3.8.30 Comparison of Adiabatic Factors for Anharmonic VV- and VT-relaxation Processes
			3.8.31 VV-exchange of Anharmonic Oscillators, Provided by Dipole Interaction
			3.8.32 The Non-Resonant One-Quantum VV′-exchange
			3.8.33 VV-relaxation of Polyatomic Molecules
			3.8.34 Rotational RT-relaxation
			3.8.35 LeRoy Formula and α-Model
			3.8.36 Semi-Empirical Methods of Determination of Activation Energies
			3.8.37 Efficiency of Vibrationally Excited Molecules in Stimulation of Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
			3.8.38 Accuracy of the Fridman-Macheret α-Model
			3.8.39 Contribution of Translational Energy in Dissociation of Molecules under Non-Equilibrium Conditions
			3.8.40 Efficiency of Translational Energy in Elementary Endothermic Reactions
			3.8.41 The Park Model
	Chapter 4: Plasma Statistics and Kinetics of Charged Particles
		4.1 Statistics and Thermodynamics of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Plasmas, The Boltzmann, Saha, and Treanor Distributions
			4.1.1 Statistical Distribution of Particles over Different States. The Boltzmann Distribution
			4.1.2 The Equilibrium Statistical Distribution of Diatomic Molecules Over Vibrational-Rotational States
			4.1.3 The Saha Equation for Ionization Equilibrium in Thermal Plasma
			4.1.4 Dissociation Equilibrium in Molecular Gases
			4.1.5 Equilibrium Statistical Relations for Radiation, the Planck Formula, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
			4.1.6 Concepts of the Complete Thermodynamic Equilibrium (CTE) and the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) for Plasma Systems
			4.1.7 Partition Functions
			4.1.8 Thermodynamic Functions of Thermal Plasma Systems
			4.1.9 Non-Equilibrium Statistics of the Thermal and Non-Thermal Plasmas
			4.1.10 Non-Equilibrium Statistics of Vibrationally Excited Molecules, the Treanor Distribution
		4.2 The Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equations, Electron Energy Distribution Functions
			4.2.1 The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation
			4.2.2 The τ-Approximation of the Boltzmann Kinetic Equation
			4.2.3 Macroscopic Equations Related to the Kinetic Boltzmann Equation
			4.2.4 The Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equation for Determination of the Electron Energy Distribution Functions
			4.2.5 Different Specific Electron Energy Distribution Functions, Druyvesteyn Distribution
			4.2.6 The Electron Energy Distribution Functions in Different Non-Equilibrium Discharge Conditions
			4.2.7 Relations between Electron Temperature and the Reduced Electric Field
		4.3 Electric and Thermal Conductivity in Plasma, Diffusion of Charged Particles
			4.3.1 Isotropic and Anisotropic Parts of the Electron Distribution Functions
			4.3.2 Electron Mobility and Plasma Conductivity
			4.3.3 The Similarity Parameters, Describing Electron Motion in Non-Thermal Discharges
			4.3.4 Plasma Conductivity in the Perpendicular Static Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields
			4.3.5 Conductivity of the Strongly Ionized Plasma
			4.3.6 Ion Energy and Ion Drift in Electric Field
			4.3.7 Free Diffusion of Electrons and Ions
			4.3.8 The Einstein Relation between Diffusion Coefficient, Mobility, and Mean Energy
			4.3.9 The Ambipolar Diffusion
			4.3.10 Conditions of Ambipolar Diffusion, the Debye Radius
			4.3.11 Thermal Conductivity in Plasma
		4.4 Breakdown Phenomena: The Townsend and Spark Mechanisms, Avalanches, Streamers, and Leaders
			4.4.1 Electric Breakdown of Gases, the Townsend Mechanism
			4.4.2 The Critical Breakdown Conditions, Paschen Curves
			4.4.3 The Townsend Breakdown of Larger Gaps, Specific Behavior of Electronegative Gases
			4.4.4 Sparks Versus Townsend Breakdown Mechanism
			4.4.5 Physics of the Electron Avalanches
			4.4.6 Cathode Directed and Anode Directed Streamers
			4.4.7 Criterion of Streamer Formation, the Meek Breakdown Condition
			4.4.8 Streamer Propagation Models
			4.4.9 Concept of a Leader, Breakdown of Multi-Meter and Kilometer Long Gaps
			4.4.10 Streamers and Microdischarges
			4.4.11 Interaction of Streamers and Microdischarges
		4.5 Steady-State Regimes of Non-Equilibrium Electric Discharges
			4.5.1 Steady-State Discharges Controlled by Volume and Surface Recombination Processes
			4.5.2 Discharge Regime Controlled by Electron–Ion Recombination
			4.5.3 Discharge Regime Controlled by Electron Attachment
			4.5.4 Discharge Regime Controlled by Charged Particles Diffusion to the Walls, the Engel-Steenbeck Relation
			4.5.5 Propagation of Electric Discharges
			4.5.6 Propagation of the Non-Thermal Ionization Wave, Self-Sustained by Diffusion of Plasma Chemical Products
			4.5.7 Non-Equilibrium Behavior of Electron Gas, Difference Between Electron and Neutral Gas Temperatures
			4.5.8 Non-Equilibrium Behavior of Electron Gas, Deviations from the Saha – Degree of Ionization
		4.6 Problems and Concept Questions
			4.6.1 Average Vibrational Energy and Vibrational Specific Heat
			4.6.2 Ionization Equilibrium, the Saha Equation
			4.6.3 Statistics of Plasma Radiation at the Complete Thermodynamic Equilibrium (CTE)
			4.6.4 The Debye Corrections of Thermodynamic Functions in Plasma
			4.6.5 The Treanor Distribution Function
			4.6.6 Average Vibrational Energy of Molecules, Following the Treanor Distribution
			4.6.7 The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation
			4.6.8 Entropy of Electrons in Non-Equilibrium Plasma
			4.6.9 The Krook Collisional Operator for Momentum Conservation Equation
			4.6.10 The Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equation
			4.6.11 The Druyvesteyn Electron Energy Distribution Function
			4.6.12 The Margenau Electron Energy Distribution Function
			4.6.13 Influence of Vibrational Temperature on Electron Energy Distribution Function
			4.6.14 Influence of Molecular Gas Admixture to a Noble Gas on Electron Energy Distribution Function
			4.6.15 Electron–Electron Collisions and Maxwellization of Electron Energy Distribution Function
			4.6.16 Relation Between Electron Temperature and Reduced Electric Field
			4.6.17 Electron Conductivity
			4.6.18 Joule Heating
			4.6.19 Similarity Parameters
			4.6.20 Electron Drift in the Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields
			4.6.21 Electric Conductivity in the Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields
			4.6.22 Plasma Rotation in the Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields, Plasma Centrifuge
			4.6.23 Electric Conductivity of Strongly Ionized Plasma
			4.6.24 Free Diffusion of Electrons
			4.6.25 Ambipolar Diffusion
			4.6.26 Debye Radius and Ambipolar Diffusion
			4.6.27 Thermal Conductivity in Plasma, Related to Dissociation and Recombination of Molecules
			4.6.28 Thermal Conductivity in Plasma, Related to Ionization and Charged Particle Recombination
			4.6.29 The Townsend Breakdown Mechanism
			4.6.30 The Stoletov Constant and Energy Price of Ionization
			4.6.31 Effect of Electron Attachment on Breakdown Conditions, Formation of Streamers and Leaders
			4.6.32 Radial Growth of an Avalanche due to the Repulsion of Electrons
			4.6.33 Limitation of Electron Density in Avalanche due to Electron Repulsion
			4.6.34 Energy Input and Temperature in a Streamer Channel
			4.6.35 Streamer Propagation Velocity
			4.6.36 Leader
			4.6.37 Steady-State Non-Thermal Discharge Regime in Non-Electronegative Gas
			4.6.38 Recombination-Controlled Regime of Steady-State Non-Thermal Discharge
			4.6.39 Attachment-Controlled Regime of Steady-State Non-Thermal Discharge
			4.6.40 The Engel-Steenbeck Model, Diffusion-Controlled Discharges
			4.6.41 Propagation of Non-Thermal Discharges
			4.6.42 Ionization Wave Propagation
	Chapter 5: Kinetics of Excited Particles in Plasma
		5.1 Vibrational Distribution Functions in Non-Equilibrium Plasma, The Fokker–Planck Kinetic Equation
			5.1.1 Non-Equilibrium Vibrational Distribution Functions, General Concept of the Fokker-Plank Equation
			5.1.2 The Energy-Space-Diffusion Related VT-flux of Excited Molecules
			5.1.3 The Energy-Space-Diffusion Related VV-flux of Excited Molecules
			5.1.4 Linear VV-Flux along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.1.5 Non-Linear VV-Flux along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.1.6 Equation for Steady-State Vibrational Distribution Function, Controlled by VV- and VT Relaxation Processes
			5.1.7 Vibrational Distribution Functions, the Strong Excitation Regime
			5.1.8 Vibrational Distribution Functions, the Intermediate Excitation Regime
			5.1.9 Vibrational Distribution Functions, the Regime of Weak Excitation
		5.2 Non-Equilibrium Vibrational Kinetics eV-Processes, Polyatomic Molecules, Non-Steady-State Regimes
			5.2.1 The eV-Flux along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.2.2 Influence of eV-Relaxation on Vibrational Distribution at High Degrees of Ionization
			5.2.3 Influence of eV-Relaxation on Vibrational Distribution at Intermediate Degrees of Ionization
			5.2.4 Diffusion in Energy Space and Relaxation Fluxes of Polyatomic Molecules in Quasi-Continuum
			5.2.5 Vibrational Distribution Functions of Polyatomic Molecules in Non-Equilibrium Plasma
			5.2.6 Non-Steady-State Vibrational Distribution Functions
		5.3 Macrokinetics of Chemical Reactions and Relaxation of Vibrationally Excited Molecules
			5.3.1 Chemical Reaction Influence on the Vibrational Distribution Function, the Weak Excitation Regime
			5.3.2 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules, the Weak Excitation Regime
			5.3.3 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules in Regimes of Strong and Intermediate Excitation
			5.3.4 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules
			5.3.5 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Two Vibrationally Excited Molecules
			5.3.6 Vibrational Energy Losses Due To VT-Relaxation
			5.3.7 VT-Relaxation Losses from Low Vibrational Levels, the Losev Formula and the Landau-Teller Relation
			5.3.8 VT-Relaxation Losses from High Vibrational Levels
			5.3.9 Vibrational Energy Losses Due to the Non-Resonance Nature of VV-Exchange
		5.4 Vibrational Kinetics in Gas Mixtures, Isotropic Effect in Plasma Chemistry
			5.4.1 Kinetic Equation and Vibrational Distribution in Gas Mixture
			5.4.2 The Treanor Isotopic Effect in Vibrational Kinetics
			5.4.3 Influence of VT-Relaxation on Vibrational Kinetics of Mixtures, the Reverse Isotopic Effect
			5.4.4 Influence of eV-Relaxation on Vibrational Kinetics of Mixtures and the Isotopic Effect
			5.4.5 Integral Effect of Isotope Separation
		5.5 Kinetics of Electronically and Rotationally Excited States, Non-Equilibrium Translational Distributions, Relaxation and Reactions of “Hot Atoms” in Plasma
			5.5.1 Kinetics of Population of Electronically Excited States, the Fokker–Planck Approach
			5.5.2 Simplest Solutions of Kinetic Equation for the Electronically Excited States
			5.5.3 Kinetics of the Rotationally Excited Molecules, Rotational Distribution Functions
			5.5.4 Non-Equilibrium Translational Energy Distribution Functions, Effect of “Hot Atoms”
			5.5.5 Kinetics of “Hot Atoms” in Fast VT-Relaxation Processes, the Energy-Space Diffusion Approximation
			5.5.6 “Hot Atoms” in Fast VT-Relaxation Processes, Discrete Approach, and Applications
			5.5.7 “Hot Atoms” Formation in Chemical Reactions
		5.6 Energy Efficiency, Energy Balance and Macrokinetics of Plasma-Chemical Processes
			5.6.1 Energy Efficiency of Quasi-Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Plasma-Chemical Processes
			5.6.2 Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation of Molecules
			5.6.3 Dissociation and Reactions of Electronically Excited Molecules and Their Energy Efficiency
			5.6.4 Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes, Proceeding Through Dissociative Attachment
			5.6.5 Methods of Stimulation of the Vibrational-Translational Non-Equilibrium in Plasma
			5.6.6 Vibrational-Translational Non-Equilibrium, Provided by Fast Transfer of Vibrational Energy
			5.6.7 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes, Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation of Molecules
			5.6.8 Energy Efficiency as a Function of Specific Energy Input and Degree of Ionization
			5.6.9 Components of the Total Energy Efficiency: Excitation, Relaxation, and Chemical Factors
		5.7 Energy Efficiency of Quasi-Equilibrium Plasma-Chemical Systems, Absolute, Ideal and Super-Ideal Quenching
			5.7.1 Concepts of Absolute, Ideal, and Super-Ideal Quenching
			5.7.2 Ideal Quenching of CO 2 -Dissociation Products in Thermal Plasma
			5.7.3 Non-Equilibrium Effects during Product Cooling, Super-Ideal Quenching
			5.7.4 Mechanisms of Absolute and Ideal Quenching for H 2 O-Dissociation in Thermal Plasma
			5.7.5 Effect of Cooling Rate on Quenching Efficiency, Super-Ideal Quenching of H 2 O-Dissociation Products
			5.7.6 Mass and Energy Transfer Equations in Multi-Component Quasi-Equilibrium Plasma-Chemical Systems
			5.7.7 Influence of Transfer Phenomena on Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes
		5.8 Surface Reactions of Plasma-Excited Molecules in Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Bio-medicine
			5.8.1 Surface Relaxation of Excited Molecules, Non-Equilibrium Surface Heating, and Evaporation in Non-Thermal Discharges
			5.8.2 Surface Reactions of Excited Hydrogen Molecules in Formation of Hydrides by Gasification of Elements and Thin-Film Processing in Non-Thermal Plasma
			5.8.3 Effect of Vibrational Excitation of CO Molecules on Direct Surface Synthesis of Metal Carbonyls in Non-Thermal Plasma
			5.8.4 Reactions of Plasma-Generated Singlet Oxygen and Other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on Bio-Active Surfaces
		5.9 Problems and Concept Questions
			5.9.1 Diffusion of Molecules Along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.9.2 VT-Relaxation Flux in the Energy Space
			5.9.3 The Treanor Distribution Function and Criterion of the Fokker-Plank Approach
			5.9.4 Flux of Molecules and Flux of Quanta Along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.9.5 The Hyperbolic Plateau Distribution
			5.9.6 Vibrational Distribution Functions in the Strong and Intermediate Excitation Regimes
			5.9.7 The Gordiets Vibrational Distribution Function
			5.9.8 The eV-Flux Along the Vibrational Energy Spectrum
			5.9.9 eV-Processes at Intermediate Ionization Degrees
			5.9.10 Treanor Effect for Polyatomic Molecules
			5.9.11 The Treanor–Boltzmann Transition in Vibrational Distributions of Polyatomic Molecules
			5.9.12 Non-Steady-State Vibrational Distribution Function
			5.9.13 Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules, Fast Reaction Limit
			5.9.14 Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules, Slow Reactions Limit
			5.9.15 Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules
			5.9.16 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Two Vibrationally Excited Molecules
			5.9.17 Vibrational Energy Losses Due To VT-Relaxation from High Levels
			5.9.18 Contribution of High and Low Levels in Total Rate of VT-Relaxation
			5.9.19 Vibrational Energy Losses Due to Non-Resonant VV-Exchange
			5.9.20 VV- and VT-Losses of Vibrational Energy of Highly Excited Molecules
			5.9.21 Vibrational Energy Losses Related to Double-Quantum VV-Exchange
			5.9.22 Treanor Formula for Isotopic Mixtures
			5.9.23 Isotopic Effects in Vibrational Kinetics and in Conventional Quasi-Equilibrium Kinetics
			5.9.24 Coefficient of Selectivity for Separation of Heavy Isotopes
			5.9.25 Reverse Isotopic Effect in Vibrational Kinetics
			5.9.26 Effect of eV-Processes on Isotope Separation in Plasma
			5.9.27 Canonical Invariance of Rotational Relaxation Kinetics
			5.9.28 “Hot Atoms” Generated by Fast VT-Relaxation
			5.9.29 Relation Between Translation Temperature of Alkaline Atoms and Vibrational Temperature of Molecular Gas
			5.9.30 “Hot Atoms”, Generated in Fast Endothermic Plasma-Chemical Reactions, Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation
			5.9.31 Energy Efficiency of Quasi-Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Plasma-Chemical Processes
			5.9.32 Plasma-Chemical Reactions Controlled by Dissociative Attachment
			5.9.33 The Treanor Effect in Vibrational Energy Transfer
			5.9.34 Stimulation of Vibrational-Translational Non-Equilibrium by the Specific Heat Effect
			5.9.35 Plasma-Chemical Processes, Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation of Molecules
			5.9.36 Absolute and Ideal Quenching of Products of Chemical Reactions in Thermal Plasma
			5.9.37 Super-Ideal Quenching Effect Related to Vibrational-Translational Non-Equilibrium
			5.9.38 Super-Ideal Quenching Effects Related to Selectivity of Transfer Processes
	Chapter 6: Electrostatics, Electrodynamics and Fluid Mechanics of Plasma
		6.1 Electrostatic Plasma Phenomena: Debye-Radius and Sheaths, Plasma Oscillations, and Plasma Frequency
			6.1.1 Ideal and Non-Ideal Plasmas
			6.1.2 Plasma Polarization, “Screening” of Electric Charges and External Electric Fields
			6.1.3 Plasmas and Sheaths
			6.1.4 Physics of the DC Sheaths
			6.1.5 High Voltage Sheaths, Matrix and Child Law Sheath Models
			6.1.6 Electrostatic Plasma Oscillations; Langmuir or Plasma Frequency
			6.1.7 Penetration of Slow Changing Fields into a Plasma, Skin Effect
		6.2 Magneto-Hydrodynamics of Plasma
			6.2.1 Equations of Magneto-Hydrodynamics
			6.2.2 Magnetic Field “Diffusion” in a Plasma, Effect of Magnetic Field Frozen in a Plasma
			6.2.3 Magnetic Pressure, Plasma Equilibrium in Magnetic Field
			6.2.4 The Pinch-Effect
			6.2.5 Two-Fluid Magneto-Hydrodynamics, the Generalized Ohm’s Law
			6.2.6 Plasma Diffusion across Magnetic Field
			6.2.7 Conditions for Magneto-Hydrodynamic Behavior of Plasma: the Alfven Velocity and the Magnetic Reynolds Number
		6.3 Instabilities of Low-Temperature Plasma
			6.3.1 Types of Instabilities of Low-Temperature Plasmas, Peculiarities of Plasma-Chemical Systems
			6.3.2 The Thermal (Ionization-Overheating) Instability in Monatomic Gases
			6.3.3 The Thermal (Ionization-Overheating) Instability in Molecular Gases with Effective Vibrational Excitation
			6.3.4 Physical Interpretation of Thermal and Vibrational Instability Modes
			6.3.5 Non-Equilibrium Plasma Stabilization by Chemical Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules
			6.3.6 Destabilizing Effect of Exothermic Reactions and Fast Mechanisms of Chemical Heat Release
			6.3.7 Electron Attachment Instability
			6.3.8 Other Instability Mechanisms in Low-Temperature Plasma
		6.4 Non-Thermal Plasma Fluid Mechanics in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows
			6.4.1 Non-Equilibrium Supersonic and Fast Subsonic Plasma-Chemical Systems
			6.4.2 Gas Dynamic Parameters of Supersonic Discharges, the Critical Heat Release
			6.4.3 Supersonic Nozzle and Discharge Zone Profiling
			6.4.4 Pressure Restoration in Supersonic Discharge Systems
			6.4.5 Fluid Mechanic Equations of Vibrational Relaxation in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows of Non-Thermal Reactive Plasma
			6.4.6 Dynamics of Vibrational Relaxation in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows
			6.4.7 Effect of Chemical Heat Release on Dynamics of Vibrational Relaxation in Supersonic Flows
			6.4.8 Spatial Non-Uniformity of Vibrational Relaxation in Chemically Active Plasma
			6.4.9 Space Structure of Unstable Vibrational Relaxation
			6.4.10 Plasma Interaction with High-Speed Flows and Shocks
			6.4.11 Aerodynamic Effects of Surface and Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD), Aerodynamic Plasma Actuators
		6.5 Electrostatic, Magneto-Hydrodynamic, and Acoustic Waves in Plasma
			6.5.1 Electrostatic Plasma Waves
			6.5.2 Collisional Damping of the Electrostatic Plasma Waves in Weakly Ionized Plasma
			6.5.3 Ionic Sound
			6.5.4 Magneto-Hydrodynamic Waves
			6.5.5 Collisionless Interaction of Electrostatic Plasma Waves with Electrons
			6.5.6 The Landau Damping
			6.5.7 The Beam Instability
			6.5.8 The Buneman Instability
			6.5.9 Dispersion and Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Non-Equilibrium Weakly Ionized Plasma, General Dispersion Equation
			6.5.10 Analysis of Dispersion Equation for Sound Propagation in Non-Equilibrium Chemically Active Plasma
		6.6 Propagation of Electro-Magnetic Waves in Plasma
			6.6.1 Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Plasma in High-Frequency Electric Fields
			6.6.2 High-Frequency Plasma Conductivity and Dielectric Permittivity
			6.6.3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma
			6.6.4 Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas, the Bouguer Law
			6.6.5 Total Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Plasma, Critical Electron Density
			6.6.6 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma
			6.6.7 Propagation of Ordinary and Extra-Ordinary Polarized Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetized Plasma
			6.6.8 Influence of Ion Motion on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma
		6.7 Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Plasma, Continuous Spectrum
			6.7.1 Classification of Radiation Transitions
			6.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission, the Einstein Coefficients
			6.7.3 General Approach to the Bremsstrahlung Spontaneous Emission, Coefficients of Radiation Absorption and Stimulated Emission During Electron Collisions with Heavy Particles
			6.7.4 Bremsstrahlung Emission due to Electron Collisions with Plasma Ions and Neutrals
			6.7.5 Recombination Emission
			6.7.6 Total Emission in Continuous Spectrum
			6.7.7 Plasma Absorption of Radiation in Continuous Spectrum, the Kramers, and Unsold-Kramers Formulas
			6.7.8 Radiation Transfer in Plasma
			6.7.9 Optically Thin Plasmas and Optically Thick Systems, the Blackbody Radiation
			6.7.10 Reabsorption of Radiation, Emission of Plasma as the Gray Body, the Total Emissivity Coefficient
		6.8 Spectral Line Radiation in Plasma
			6.8.1 Probabilities of Radiative Transitions and Intensity of Spectral Lines
			6.8.2 Natural Width and Profile of a Spectral Line
			6.8.3 The Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.8.4 Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.8.5 Stark Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.8.6 Convolution of Lorentzian and Gaussian Profiles, the Voigt Profile of Spectral Lines
			6.8.7 Spectral Emissivity of a Line, Constancy of a Spectral Line Area
			6.8.8 Selective Absorption of Radiation in Spectral Lines, Absorption of One Classical Oscillator
			6.8.9 The Oscillator Power
			6.8.10 Radiation Transfer in Spectral Lines, Inverse Population of the Excited States, and Principle of Laser Generation
		6.9 Nonlinear Phenomena in Plasma
			6.9.1 Nonlinear Modulation Instability, the Lighthill Criterion
			6.9.2 The Korteweg-de Vries Equation
			6.9.3 Solitones as Solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries Equation
			6.9.4 Formation of the Langmuir Solitones in Plasma
			6.9.5 Evolution of Strongly Nonlinear Oscillations, the Nonlinear Ionic Sound
			6.9.6 Evolution of Weak Shock Waves in Plasma
			6.9.7 Transition From a Weak to a Strong Shock Wave
		6.10 Problems and Concept Questions
			6.10.1 Ideal and Non-Ideal Plasmas
			6.10.2 Derivation of Debye Radius
			6.10.3 Number of Charged Particles in Debye Sphere
			6.10.4 The Bohm Sheath Criterion
			6.10.5 Floating Potential
			6.10.6 Matrix and Child Law Sheaths
			6.10.7 Plasma Oscillations and Plasma Frequency
			6.10.8 Skin-Layer Depth as a Function of Frequency and Conductivity
			6.10.9 Magnetic Field Frozen in Plasma
			6.10.10 Magnetic Pressure and Plasma Equilibrium in Magnetic Field
			6.10.11 The Pinch-Effect, Bennet Relation
			6.10.12 Two-Fluid Magneto-Hydrodynamics
			6.10.13 Plasma Diffusion across Magnetic Field
			6.10.14 The Larmor Radius and Diffusion of Magnetized Plasma
			6.10.15 The Magnetic Reynolds Number
			6.10.16 Thermal Instability in Monatomic Gases
			6.10.17 Thermal and Vibrational Modes of the Ionization-Overheating Instability
			6.10.18 Electron Attachment Instability
			6.10.19 Critical Heat Release in Supersonic Flows
			6.10.20 Profiling of Non-Thermal Discharges in Supersonic Flow
			6.10.21 Dynamics of Vibrational Relaxation in Transonic Flows
			6.10.22 Space-Non-Uniform Vibrational Relaxation
			6.10.23 Electrostatic Plasma Waves
			6.10.24 Ionic Sound
			6.10.25 Criterion of Collisionless Damping of Plasma Oscillations
			6.10.26 Landau Damping
			6.10.27 Beam Instability
			6.10.28 Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Non-Equilibrium Plasma
			6.10.29 High-Frequency Dielectric Permittivity of Plasma
			6.10.30 Attenuation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma
			6.10.31 Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetized Plasma
			6.10.32 Emission and Absorption of Radiation by Free Electrons
			6.10.33 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission, the Einstein Relation
			6.10.34 Cross Section of the Bremsstrahlung Emission
			6.10.35 Total Emission in Continuous Spectrum
			6.10.36 Total Plasma Absorption in Continuum, the Unsold-Kramers Formula
			6.10.37 Optical Thickness and Emissivity Coefficient
			6.10.38 Probability of the Bound-Bound Transition, Intensity of Spectral Line
			6.10.39 Natural Profile of a Spectral Line
			6.10.40 Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.10.41 Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.10.42 The Stark Broadening of Spectral Lines
			6.10.43 The Voigt Profile of Spectral Lines
			6.10.44 Absorption of Radiation in a Spectral Line by One Classical Oscillator
			6.10.45 The Oscillator Power
			6.10.46 Inverse Population of the Excited States and the Laser Amplification Coefficient
			6.10.47 The Carteveg-de Vris Equation and Dispersion Equation of the Ionic Sound
			6.10.48 Solitones as Solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries Equation
			6.10.49 The Langmuir Solitones
			6.10.50 Nonlinear Ionic Sound
			6.10.51 Velocity of the Nonlinear Ionic-Sound Waves
			6.10.52 The Ionic-Sound Solitones
			6.10.53 Evolution of Weak Shock Waves in Plasma
			6.10.54 Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Approaches to Evolution of Perturbations
			6.10.55 Generation of Strong Shock Waves and Detonation Waves in Plasma
Part 2: Physics and Engineering of Electric Discharges
	Chapter 7: Glow Discharge
		7.1 Structure and Physical Parameters of Glow Discharge Plasma, Current–Voltage Characteristics; Comparison of Glow and Dark Discharges
			7.1.1 General Classification of Discharges, Thermal, and Non-Thermal Discharges
			7.1.2 Glow Discharge: General Structure and Configurations
			7.1.3 Glow Pattern and Distribution of Plasma Parameters along the Glow Discharge
			7.1.4 General Current–Voltage Characteristic of Continuous Self-Sustained DC Discharges Between Electrodes
			7.1.5 The Dark Discharge Physics
			7.1.6 Transition of Townsend Dark to Glow Discharge
		7.2 Cathode and Anode Layers of a Glow Discharge
			7.2.1 The Engel-Steenbeck Model of a Cathode Layer
			7.2.2 Current–Voltage Characteristic of Cathode Layer
			7.2.3 Normal Glow Discharge: Normal Cathode Potential Drop, Normal Layer Thickness, and Normal Current Density
			7.2.4 Mechanism Sustaining the Normal Cathode Current Density
			7.2.5 The Steenbeck Minimum Power Principle, Application to Effect of Normal Cathode Current Density
			7.2.6 Glow Discharge Regimes Different from a Normal One: the Abnormal Discharge, the Subnormal Discharge, and the Obstructed Discharge
			7.2.7 Negative Glow Region of Cathode Layer, the Hollow Cathode Discharge
			7.2.8 Anode Layer
		7.3 Positive Column of Glow Discharge
			7.3.1 General Features of the Positive Column, Balance of Charged Particles
			7.3.2 General Current–Voltage Characteristics of a Positive Column and of a Glow Discharge
			7.3.3 Heat Balance and Plasma Parameters of Positive Column
			7.3.4 Glow Discharge in Fast Gas Flows
			7.3.5 Heat Balance and It’s Influence on Current–Voltage Characteristic of Positive Column
		7.4 Glow Discharge Instabilities
			7.4.1 Contraction of the Positive Column
			7.4.2 Glow Discharge Conditions Resulting in Contraction
			7.4.3 Comparison of Transverse and Longitudinal Instabilities, Observation of Striations in Glow Discharges
			7.4.4 Analysis of Longitudinal Perturbations Resulting in Formation of Striations
			7.4.5 Propagation Velocity and Oscillation Frequency of Striations
			7.4.6 The Steenbeck Minimum Power Principle, Application to Striations
			7.4.7 Some Approaches to Stabilization of the Glow Discharge Instabilities
		7.5 Different Specific Glow Discharge Plasma Sources
			7.5.1 Glow Discharges in Cylindrical Tubes, in Parallel Plates Configuration, in Fast Longitudinal and Transverse Flows, and with Hollow Cathodes
			7.5.2 The Penning Glow Discharges
			7.5.3 Plasma Centrifuge
			7.5.5 Magnetic Mirror Effect in Magnetron Discharges
			7.5.6 Glow Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
			7.5.7 Some Energy Efficiency Peculiarities of Glow Discharge Application for Plasma-Chemical Processes
		7.6 Problems and Concept Questions
			7.6.1 Space Charges in Cathode and Anode Layers
			7.6.2 Radiation of Plasma Layers Immediately Adjacent to Electrodes
			7.6.3 The Seeliger’s Rule of Spectral Line Emission Sequence in Negative and Cathode Glows
			7.6.4 Glow Discharge in Tubes of Complicated Shapes
			7.6.5 Current–Voltage Characteristic of DC Discharges Between Electrodes
			7.6.6 Space Distribution of Ion and Electron Currents in Dark Discharge
			7.6.7 Maximum Current of Dark Discharge
			7.6.8 Comparison of Typical Voltages in Dark and Glow Discharges
			7.6.9 The Engel-Steenbeck Model of a Cathode Layer
			7.6.10 Normal Cathode Potential Drop, Normal Current Density and Normal Thickness of Cathode Layer
			7.6.11 Stability of Normal Current Density
			7.6.12 The Steenbeck Minimum Power Principle
			7.6.13 Abnormal Glow Discharge
			7.6.14 Glow Discharge with Hollow Cathode
			7.6.15 Anode Layer of a Glow Discharge
			7.6.16 Current–Voltage Characteristics of a Glow Discharge in Recombination Regime
			7.6.17 Conductive and Convective Mechanisms of Heat Removal from Positive Column of a Glow Discharge
			7.6.18 Glow Discharge in Fast Gas Flows
			7.6.19 Joule Heating Influence on Current–Voltage Characteristic of Glow Discharge
			7.6.20 Contraction of Positive Column of Glow Discharge Controlled by Diffusion
			7.6.21 Contraction of Glow Discharge in Fast Gas Flow
			7.6.22 Limitation of the Striation Wavelength
			7.6.23 Phase and Group Velocity of Striations
			7.6.24 Striations from the View Point of the Steenbeck Principle of Minimum Power
			7.6.25 Cathode Segmentation
			7.6.26 The Penning Discharge
			7.6.27 The Alfven Velocity in Plasma Centrifuge
			7.6.28 Isotope Separation in Plasma Centrifuge
			7.6.29 Magnetron Discharge
			7.6.30 Adiabatic Motion of Electrons in Magnetic Mirror
			7.6.31 The Escape Cone Angle in Magnetic Mirror
			7.6.32 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharges
	Chapter 8: Arc Discharges
		8.1 Physical Features, Types, Parameters and Current–Voltage Characteristics of Arc Discharges
			8.1.1 General Characteristic Features of Arc Discharges
			8.1.2 Typical Ranges of Arc Discharge Parameters
			8.1.3 Classification of Arc Discharges
			8.1.4 Current–Voltage Characteristics of Arc Discharges
		8.2 Mechanisms of Electron Emission from Cathode
			8.2.1 Thermionic Emission, the Sommerfeld Formula
			8.2.2 The Schottky Effect of Electric Field on Work Function and Thermionic Emission Current
			8.2.3 The Field Electron Emission in Strong Electric Fields, the Fowler-Nordheim Formula
			8.2.4 Thermionic Field Emission
			8.2.5 About the Secondary Electron Emission
		8.3 Cathode and Anode Layers in Arc Discharges
			8.3.1 General Features and Structure of the Cathode Layer
			8.3.2 Electric Field in the Cathode Vicinity
			8.3.4 About Cathode Erosion
			8.3.5 The Cathode Spots
			8.3.6 External Cathode Heating
			8.3.7 Anode Layer
		8.4 Positive Column of Arc Discharges
			8.4.1 General Features of Positive Column of High-Pressure Arcs
			8.4.2 Thermal Ionization in Arc Discharges, the Elenbaas-Heller Equation
			8.4.3 The Steenbeck “Channel” Model of Positive Column of Arc Discharges
			8.4.4 The Raizer “Channel” Model of Positive Column
			8.4.5 Plasma Temperature, Specific Power, and Electric Field in Positive Column According to the Channel Model
			8.4.6 Possible Difference between Electron and Gas Temperatures in Thermal Discharges
			8.4.7 Dynamic Effects in Electric Arcs
			8.4.8 The Bennet Pinch Effect and Electrode Jet Formation
		8.5 Different Configurations of Arc Discharges
			8.5.1 Free-Burning Linear Arcs
			8.5.2 Wall-Stabilized Linear Arcs
			8.5.3 The Transferred Arcs
			8.5.4 Flow-Stabilized Linear Arcs
			8.5.5 Non-Transferred Arcs, Plasma Torches
			8.5.6 Magnetically Stabilized Rotating Arcs
		8.6 Gliding Arc Discharge
			8.6.1 General Features of the Gliding Arc
			8.6.2 Physical Phenomenon of the Gliding Arc
			8.6.3 Equilibrium Phase of the Gliding Arc
			8.6.4 Critical Parameters of the Gliding Arc
			8.6.5 Fast Equilibrium → Non-Equilibrium Transition (FENETRe Phenomenon)
			8.6.6 Gliding Arc Stability Analysis
			8.6.7 Non-Equilibrium Phase of the Gliding Arc
			8.6.8 Effect of Self-Inductance on Gliding Arc Evolution
			8.6.9 Special Configurations of Gliding Arcs
			8.6.10 Gliding Arc Stabilized in Reverse Vortex (Tornado) Flow
		8.7 Problems and Concept Questions
			8.7.1 The Sommerfeld Formula for Thermionic Emission
			8.7.2 The Richardson Relation for Thermionic Emission
			8.7.3 The Schottky Effect of Electric Field on the Work Function
			8.7.4 The Field Electron Emission
			8.7.5 Secondary Electron Emission
			8.7.6 The Secondary Ion-Electron Emission Coefficient
			8.7.7 Electric Field in the Vicinity of Arc Cathode
			8.7.8 Structure of the Arc Discharge Cathode Layer
			8.7.9 Erosion of Hot Cathodes
			8.7.10 Cathode Spots
			8.7.11 Radiation of the Arc Positive Column
			8.7.12 The Elenbaas-Heller Equation
			8.7.13 The Steenbeck Channel Model of Arc Discharges
			8.7.14 Principle of Minimum Power for Positive Column of Arc Discharges
			8.7.15 The Raizer Channel Model of Arc Discharges
			8.7.16 Arc Temperature in Frameworks of the Channel Model
			8.7.17 Modifications of the Arc Channel Model for the Discharge Stabilization by Gas Flow
			8.7.18 Difference between Electron and Gas Temperatures in Arc Discharges
			8.7.19 The Bennet Pinch Pressure Distribution
			8.7.20 Electrode Jet Formation
			8.7.21 Stabilization of Linear Arcs Near Axis of the Discharge Tube
			8.7.22 Critical Length of Gliding Arc Discharge
			8.7.23 Quasi-Unstable Phase of Gliding Arc Discharge
			8.7.24 Discharge Power Distribution Between Quasi-Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Phases of Gliding Arc
	Chapter 9: Non-Equilibrium Cold Atmospheric Pressure Discharges
		9.1 The Continuous Corona Discharge
			9.1.1 General Features of the Corona Discharge
			9.1.2 Electric Field Distribution in Different Corona Configurations
			9.1.3 Negative and Positive Corona Discharges
			9.1.4 Corona Ignition Criterion in Air, the Peek Formula
			9.1.5 Active Corona Volume
			9.1.6 Space Charge Influence on Electric Field Distribution in a Corona Discharge
			9.1.7 Current–Voltage Characteristics of a Corona Discharge
			9.1.8 Power Released in the Continuous Corona Discharge
		9.2 The Pulsed Corona Discharge
			9.2.1 Why the Pulsed Corona?
			9.2.2 Corona Ignition Delay
			9.2.3 Pulse-Periodic Regime of the Positive Corona Discharge Sustained by Continuous Constant Voltage, Flashing Corona
			9.2.4 Pulse-Periodic Regime of the Negative Corona Discharge Sustained by Continuous Constant Voltage, Trichel Pulses
			9.2.5 Pulsed Corona Discharges Sustained by Nano-Second Pulse Power Supplies
			9.2.6 Specific Configurations of the Pulsed Corona Discharges
		9.3 Dielectric-Barrier Discharge
			9.3.1 General Features of the Dielectric-Barrier Discharge
			9.3.2 General Configuration and Parameters of the Dielectric Barrier Discharges
			9.3.3 Micro-Discharge Characteristics
			9.3.4 Surface Discharges
			9.3.5 The Packed-Bed Corona Discharge
			9.3.6 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Modification of the Dielectric Barrier Discharge
			9.3.7 Ferroelectric Discharges
		9.4 Spark Discharges
			9.4.1 Development of a Spark Channel, Back Wave of Strong Electric Field, and Ionization
			9.4.2 Expansion of Spark Channel and Formation of an Intensive Spark
			9.4.3 Atmospheric Phenomena Leading to Lightning
			9.4.4 The Lightning Evolution
			9.4.5 Mysterious Phenomenon of Ball Lightning
			9.4.6 Laser Directed Spark Discharges
		9.5 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharges (APG)
			9.5.1 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Mode of DBD
			9.5.2 Resistive Barrier Discharge (RBD)
			9.5.3 One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP)
			9.5.4 Electronically Stabilized Atmospheric Pressure Glow (APG) Discharges
			9.5.5 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets (APPJ)
		9.6 Microdisharges
			9.6.1 General Features of Microdischarges
			9.6.2 Micro-Glow Discharge
			9.6.3 Micro-Hollow-Cathode Discharge
			9.6.4 Arrays of Microdischarges, Microdischarge Self-Organization, and Structures
			9.6.5 KHz-Frequency-Range Microdischarges
			9.6.6 RF-Microdischarges
			9.6.7 Microwave Microdischarges
		9.7 “Maximum Power Principle” for Atmospheric Pressure Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharges
			9.7.1 Principles of Maximum or Minimum Power in Analysis of Plasma Discharges
			9.7.2 Short-Pulsed DBD Evolution, Concept of Electrode Glow “Pancakes”
			9.7.3 Energy Release in the DBD Plasma Volume, Manifestation of the Maximum Power Principle
			9.7.4 Average Pulsed DBD Power as s Function of Dielectric Barrier Parameters
		9.8 Problems and Concept Questions
			9.8.1 Electric Field Distribution in Corona Discharge Systems
			9.8.2 Positive and Negative Corona Discharges
			9.8.3 The Peek Formula for Corona Ignition
			9.8.4 Active Corona Volume
			9.8.5 Space Charge Influence on Electric Field Distribution in Corona
			9.8.6 Current–Voltage Characteristics of Corona Discharge
			9.8.7 Power of Continuous Corona Discharges
			9.8.8 Pulse-Periodic Regimes of Positive and Negative Corona Discharges
			9.8.9 Flashing Corona Discharge
			9.8.10 Voltage Rise Rate in Pulse Corona Discharges
			9.8.11 Electric Field of Residual Charge Left by DBD-Streamer on Dielectric Barrier
			9.8.12 Overheating of the DBD Micro-Discharge Channels
			9.8.13 Plasma-Chemical Energy Efficiency of the Dielectric Barrier in Comparison with the Pulsed Corona Discharge
			9.8.14 Sliding Surface Discharges
			9.8.15 Ferroelectric Discharges
			9.8.16 Velocity of the Back Ionization Wave
			9.8.17 Negative Ions Attachment to Water Droplets, Mechanism of Charge Separation in Thundercloud
			9.8.18 Mechanism of Propagation of Ball Lightning
			9.8.19 Power Control of Nanosecond-Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharges
	Chapter 10: Plasma Created in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Radio-Frequency (RF), Microwave, and Optical Discharges
		10.1 Radio-Frequency (RF) Discharges at High Pressures, Inductively Coupled Thermal RF Discharges
			10.1.1 General Features of the High-Frequency Generators of Thermal Plasma
			10.1.2 General Relations for Thermal Plasma Energy Balance, the Flux Integral Relation
			10.1.3 Thermal Plasma Generation in the Inductively Coupled RF-Discharges
			10.1.4 Metallic Cylinder Model of Long Inductively Coupled RF Discharge
			10.1.5 Electrodynamics of Thermal ICP Discharge in Frameworks of the Metallic Cylinder Model
			10.1.6 Thermal Characteristics of the Inductively Coupled Plasma in Framework of the Model of Metallic Cylinder
			10.1.7 Temperature and Other Quasi-Equilibrium ICP Parameters in Frameworks of the Model of Metallic Cylinder
			10.1.8 ICP-Discharge in Weak Skin-Effect Conditions, the Thermal ICP Limits
			10.1.9 The ICP-Torches
			10.1.10 ICP-Torch Stabilization in Vortex Gas Flow
			10.1.11 Capacitively-Coupled Atmospheric Pressure RF-Discharges
		10.2 Thermal Plasma Generation in Microwave and Optical Discharges
			10.2.1 Optical and Quasi-Optical Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Plasma
			10.2.2 Microwave Discharges in Waveguides, Modes of Electromagnetic Oscillations in the Waveguides without Plasma
			10.2.3 Microwave Plasma Generation by H 01 -Electromagnetic Oscillation Mode in Waveguide
			10.2.4 Microwave Plasma Generation in Resonators
			10.2.5 1-D Model of Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Thermal Plasma
			10.2.6 Constant Conductivity Model of Microwave Plasma Generation
			10.2.7 Numerical Characteristics of the Quasi-Equilibrium Microwave Discharge
			10.2.8 Microwave Plasma Torch and Other Non-Conventional Configurations of Thermal Microwave Discharges
			10.2.9 Continuous Optical Discharges
			10.2.10 Laser Radiation Absorption in Thermal Plasma as a Function Gas Pressure and Temperature
			10.2.11 Energy Balance of the Continuous Optical Discharges and Relation for Plasma Temperature
			10.2.12 Plasma Temperature and Critical Power of Continuous Optical Discharges
		10.3 Non-Equilibrium Radio-Frequency (RF) Discharges, General Features of Non-Thermal Capacitively-Coupled (CCP) Discharges
			10.3.1 Non-Thermal Radio-Frequency (RF) Discharges
			10.3.2 Capacitive and Inductive Coupling of the Non-Thermal RF-discharge Plasmas
			10.3.3 Electric Circuits for Inductive and Capacitive Plasma Coupling with RF-Generators
			10.3.4 Motion of Charged Particles and Electric Field Distribution in Non-Thermal RF Capacitively-Coupled (CCP) Discharges
			10.3.5 Electric Current and Voltages in Non-Thermal RF Capacitively-Coupled (CCP) Discharge
			10.3.6 Equivalent Scheme of a Capacitively-Coupled RF-Discharge
			10.3.7 Electron and Ion Motion in the CCP-Discharge Sheaths
		10.4 Non-Thermal Capacitively Coupled (CCP) Discharges of Moderate Pressure
			10.4.1 General Features of the Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.2 The α - and γ - Regimes of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges, Luminosity and Current–Voltage Characteristics
			10.4.3 The α -Regime of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.4 Sheath Parameters in α -Regime of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.5 The γ -Regime of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.6 Normal Current Density of γ -Discharges
			10.4.7 Physical Analysis of Current–Voltage Characteristics of the Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.8 The α - γ Transition in Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.4.9 Some Frequency Limitations for Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges
		10.5 Low-Pressure Capacitively Coupled RF Discharges
			10.5.1 General Features of Low-Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.5.2 Plasma Electrons Behavior in the Low-Pressure Discharges
			10.5.3 Two Groups of Electrons, Ionization Balance, and Electric Fields in Low-Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.5.4 High and Low Current Density Regimes of Low-Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.5.5 Electron Kinetics in Low-Pressure CCP-Discharges
			10.5.6 Stochastic Effect of Electron Heating
			10.5.7 Contribution of γ -Electrons in Low-Pressure Capacitive RF-Discharge
			10.5.8 Analytic Relations for the Low-Pressure RF-CCP-Discharge Parameters
			10.5.9 Numerical Values of the Low-Pressure RF-CCP-Discharge Parameters
		10.6 Asymmetric, Magnetron and Other Special Forms of Low-Pressure Capacitive RF-Discharges
			10.6.1 Asymmetric Discharges
			10.6.2 Comparison of Parameters Related to Powered and Grounded Electrodes in Asymmetric Discharges
			10.6.3 The Battery Effect, “Short Circuit” Regime of Asymmetric RF-Discharges
			10.6.4 The Secondary-Emission Resonant Discharge
			10.6.5 Radio-Frequency Magnetron Discharge, General Features
			10.6.6 Dynamics of Electrons in RF-Magnetron Discharge
			10.6.7 Properties of RF-Magnetron Discharges
			10.6.8 Low-Frequency RF-CCP-Discharge, General Features
			10.6.9 Physical Characteristics and Parameters of Low-Frequency RF-CCP-Discharges
			10.6.10 Electron Energy Distribution Functions (EEDF) in Low-Frequency RF-CCP-Discharges
		10.7 Non-Thermal Inductively-Coupled (ICP) Discharges
			10.7.1 General Features of Non-Thermal ICP-Discharges
			10.7.2 Inductively Coupled RF-Discharge in Cylindrical Coil
			10.7.3 Equivalent Scheme of Inductively Coupled RF-Discharge
			10.7.4 Analytical Relations for ICP-Discharge Parameters
			10.7.5 Moderate Pressure and Low-Pressure Regimes of ICP-Discharges
			10.7.6 Abnormal Skin-Effect and Stochastic Heating of Electrons
			10.7.7 Planar Coil Configuration of ICP-Discharges
			10.7.8 Helical Resonator Discharges
		10.8 Non-Thermal Low-Pressure Microwave and Other Wave-Heated Discharges
			10.8.1 Non-Thermal Wave-Heated Discharges
			10.8.2 Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Microwave Discharges, General Features
			10.8.3 General Scheme and Main Parameters of ECR-Microwave Discharges
			10.8.4 Electron Heating in ECR-Microwave Discharges
			10.8.5 Helicon Discharges, General Features
			10.8.6 Whistlers and Helicon Modes of Electromagnetic Waves Applied in Helicon Discharges
			10.8.7 Antenna Coupling of Helicon Modes and Their Absorption in Plasma
			10.8.8 Electromagnetic Surface Wave Discharges, General Features
			10.8.9 Electric and Magnetic Field Oscillation Amplitudes in the Planar Surface Wave Discharges
			10.8.10 Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion and Resonance in the Planar Surface Wave Discharges
		10.9 Non-Equilibrium Microwave Discharges of Moderate Pressure
			10.9.1 Non-thermal Plasma Generation in Microwave Discharges at Moderate Pressures
			10.9.2 About Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes in Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges
			10.9.3 Microstructure and Energy Efficiency of Non-Uniform Microwave Discharges
			10.9.4 Macrostructure and Regimes of Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges
			10.9.5 Radial Profiles of Vibrational T v ( r) and Translational T 0 ( r) Temperatures in Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges in Molecular Gases
			10.9.6 Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Chemical Processes in Non-Uniform Microwave Discharges
			10.9.7 Plasma-Chemical Energy Efficiency of Microwave Discharges as a Function of Pressure
			10.9.8 Power and Flow Rate Scaling of Space-Non-Uniform Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges
		10.10 Problems and Concept Questions
			10.10.1 Integral Flux Relation and the Channel Model of Arc Discharges
			10.10.2 Equations Describing a Long Inductively Coupled RF Discharge
			10.10.3 Damping of Electromagnetic Fields in Skin Layer of ICP
			10.10.4 ICP Temperature as a Function of Solenoid Current and Other Parameters
			10.10.5 Temperature Limits in Thermal ICP Discharges
			10.10.6 Critical Solenoid Current to Sustain Thermal ICP-Discharge
			10.10.7 Stability of Thermal ICP-Discharge at High Conductivities
			10.10.8 Capacitively-Coupled Atmospheric Pressure RF-Discharges
			10.10.9 Microwave Discharge in H 01 -Mode of Rectangular Waveguide
			10.10.10 Microwave Discharge in H 11 -Mode of Round Waveguide
			10.10.11 Constant Conductivity Model of Microwave Plasma Generation
			10.10.12 Energy Balance of the Thermal Microwave Discharge
			10.10.13 Laser Radiation Absorption in Thermal Plasma
			10.10.14 Geometry of the Continuous Optical Discharge
			10.10.15 Stable and Unstable Regimes of Continuous Optical Discharges
			10.10.16 Comparative Analysis of Temperatures in the Thermal ICP, Microwave and Optical Discharges
			10.10.17 Reactive Component of Capacitively-Coupled RF-plasma Resistance
			10.10.18 Voltage Drop on Space Charge Sheaths of CCP-Discharges
			10.10.19 CCP-Discharge Power Transferred to Ions in Sheaths
			10.10.20 Equivalent Scheme of a Capacitively-Coupled RF- Discharge
			10.10.21 Motion of the Plasma-Sheath Boundary in CCP-Discharges, Taking into Account Non-Uniformity of Ion Density in the Sheath
			10.10.22 Ion Concentration in Sheaths of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges in α -Regime
			10.10.23 Sheath Size of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges in α -Regime
			10.10.24 Ion Current of Moderate Pressure CCP-Discharges in γ -Regime
			10.10.25 High-Pressure Limit of the γ -CCP-Discharge
			10.10.26 Critical Current of the α − γ Transition
			10.10.27 Effective Electric Field in Low-Pressure CCP-RF Discharges
			10.10.28 Potential Barrier on the Plasma – Sheath Boundary
			10.10.29 Stochastic Heating Effect
			10.10.30 Potential Barrier on the Plasma Boundary at Low and High Current Limits
			10.10.31 Plasma Density and Sheath Thickness Dependence on Current Density in Low-Pressure CCP-RF Discharges
			10.10.32 Critical Current Density of Transition Between Low and High Current Regimes in the Capacitive Discharges
			10.10.33 Asymmetric Effects in Low-Pressure Capacitive RF-Discharges
			10.10.34 Secondary-Emission Resonant RF-Discharge
			10.10.35 Magnetron RF-CCP-Discharge
			10.10.36 Current Density Distribution in ICP-Discharges
			10.10.37 Equivalent Scheme of an ICP- Discharge
			10.10.38 Plasma Density in ICP-Discharges
			10.10.39 Abnormal Skin Effect in Low-Pressure ICP-Discharges
			10.10.40 Helical Resonator Discharge
			10.10.41 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in ECR-Microwave Discharge
			10.10.42 ECR-Microwave Absorption Zone
			10.10.43 Whistler Waves and Helicon Discharges
			10.10.44 Landau Damping of Helicon Modes
			10.10.45 Planar Surface Wave Discharges
			10.10.46 Critical Plasma Density for Surface Wave Propagation
			10.10.47 Combined Regime of Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges
			10.10.48 Non-Uniformity Factor of Energy Efficiency of Microwave Discharges at Moderate Pressures
			10.10.49 Pressure Dependence of Energy Efficiency of Microwave Discharges
			10.10.50 Power and Flow Rate Scaling of Moderate Pressure Microwave Discharges
	Chapter 11: Discharges in Aerosols and Dusty Plasmas
		11.1 Photoionization of Aerosols
			11.1.1 General Remarks on Macroparticles Photoionization
			11.1.2 Work Function of Small and Charged Aerosol Particles, Related to Photoionization by Monochromatic Radiation
			11.1.3 Equations Describing the Photoionization of Monodispersed Aerosols by Monochromatic Radiation
			11.1.4 Asymptotic Approximations of the Monochromatic Photoionization
			11.1.5 Photoionization of Aerosols by Continuous Spectrum Radiation
			11.1.6 Photoionization of Aerosols by Radiation with Exponential Spectrum
			11.1.7 Kinetics of Establishment of the Steady-State Aerosol Photoionization Degree
		11.2 Thermal Ionization of Aerosols
			11.2.1 General Aspects of Thermal Ionization of Aerosol Particles
			11.2.2 Photo-Heating of Aerosol Particles
			11.2.3 Ionization of Aerosol Particles due to Their Photo-Heating, the Einbinder Formula
			11.2.4 Space Distribution of Electrons around a Thermally Ionized Macroparticle : Case of High Aerosol Concentration
			11.2.5 Space Distribution of Electrons around a Thermally Ionized macroparticle: Case of Low Concentration of Aerosol Particles
			11.2.6 Number of Electrons Participating in Electrical Conductivity of Thermally Ionized Aerosols
			11.2.7 Electrical Conductivity of Thermally Ionized Aerosols as a Function of External Electric Field
		11.3 Electric Breakdown of Aerosols
			11.3.1 Influence of Macroparticles on Electric Breakdown Conditions
			11.3.2 General Equations of Electric Breakdown in Aerosols
			11.3.3 Aerosol System Parameters Related to Its Breakdown
			11.3.4 Pulse Breakdown of Aerosols
			11.3.5 Breakdown of Aerosols in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
			11.3.6 Townsend Breakdown of Aerosols
			11.3.7 Effect of Macroparticles on Vacuum Breakdown
			11.3.8 About Initiation of Electric Breakdown in Aerosols
		11.4 Steady-State DC Electric Discharge in Heterogeneous Medium
			11.4.1 Two Regimes of Steady-State Discharges in Heterogeneous Medium
			11.4.2 Quasi-Neutral Regime of Steady-State DC Discharge in Aerosols
			11.4.3 Electron–Aerosol Plasma Regime of the Steady-State DC Discharge, Main Equations Relating Electric Field, Electron Concentration, and Current Density
			11.4.4 Electron–Aerosol Plasma Parameters as a Function of Current Density
			11.4.5 Effect of Molecular Gas on the Electron–Aerosol Plasma
		11.5 Dusty Plasma Formation: Evolution of Nanoparticles in Plasma
			11.5.1 General Aspects of Dusty Plasma Kinetics
			11.5.2 Experimental Observations of Dusty Plasma Formation in Low-Pressure Silane Discharge
			11.5.3 Dust Particle Formation : A Story of Birth and Catastrophic Life
		11.6 Critical Phenomena in Dusty Plasma Kinetics
			11.6.1 Growth Kinetics of the First Generation of Negative Ion Clusters
			11.6.2 Contribution of Vibrational Excitation in Kinetics of Negative Ion–Cluster Growth
			11.6.3 Critical Size of Primary Nanoparticles
			11.6.4 Critical Phenomenon of Neutral Particle Trapping in Plasma
			11.6.5 Size-Selective Neutral Particle Trapping Effect in Plasma
			11.6.6 Temperature Effect on Selective Trapping and Particle Production Rate
			11.6.7 Critical Phenomenon of Super-Small Particle Coagulation
			11.6.8 Critical Change of Plasma Parameters during Dust Formation (the α – γ Transition)
			11.6.9 Electron Temperature Evolution in the α – γ Transition
		11.7 Nonequilibrium Clusterization in Centrifugal Field
			11.7.1 Centrifugal Clusterization in Plasma Chemistry
			11.7.2 Clusterization Kinetics as Diffusion in Space of Cluster Sizes
			11.7.3 Quasi-Equilibrium Cluster Distribution over Sizes
			11.7.4 Magic Clusters
			11.7.5 Quasi-Steady-State Equation for the Cluster Distribution Function f (n, x)
			11.7.6 Nonequilibrium Distribution Functions f (n, x) of Clusters without Magic Numbers in the Centrifugal Field
			11.7.7 Nonequilibrium Distribution Functions f (n, x) of Clusters in the Centrifugal Field, Taking into Account the Magic Cluster Effect
			11.7.8 Radial Distribution of Cluster Density
			11.7.9 Average Cluster Sizes
			11.7.10 Influence of Centrifugal Field on Average Cluster Sizes
			11.7.11 Nonequilibrium Energy Efficiency Effect Provided by Selectivity of Transfer Processes in Centrifugal Field
		11.8 Dusty Plasma Structures: Phase Transitions, Coulomb Crystals, Special Oscillations
			11.8.1 Interaction of Particles, and Structures in Dusty Plasmas
			11.8.2 Nonideality of Dusty Plasmas
			11.8.3 Phase Transitions in Dusty Plasma
			11.8.4 Coulomb Clusters Observation in Dusty Plasma of Capacitively Coupled RF-Discharge
			11.8.5 3D-Coulomb Clusters in Dusty Plasmas of DC-Glow Discharges
			11.8.6 Oscillations and Waves in Dusty Plasmas: Dispersion Equation
			11.8.7 Ionic Sound Mode in Dusty Plasma, Dust Sound
		11.9 Problems and Concept Questions
			11.9.1 Work Function Dependence on Radius and Charge of Aerosol Particles
			11.9.2 Equation of Monochromatic Photoionization of Aerosols
			11.9.3 Calculation of Electron Concentration at Monochromatic Photoionization of Aerosols
			11.9.4 Equation of Aerosol Photoionization by Thermal Radiation Tail
			11.9.5 Calculation of Electron Concentration at Nonmonochromatic Photoionization of Aerosols
			11.9.6 Characteristic Monochromatic Photoionization Time
			11.9.7 The Einbinder Formula
			11.9.8 Thermal Ionization of Aerosols, Stimulated by their Photo-Heating
			11.9.9 Space Distribution of Electron Density and Electric Field Around an Aerosol Particle
			11.9.10 Electrical Conductivity of Thermally Ionized Aerosols
			11.9.11 Macroparticles Kinetic Parameters
			11.9.12 Vacuum Breakdown of Aerosols
			11.9.13 Photoinitiation of Pulse Breakdown in Aerosol Systems
			11.9.14 Quasi-Neutral Regime of Steady-State DC Discharge in Aerosols
			11.9.15 Electron–Aerosol Plasma Regime of Heterogeneous Discharges
			11.9.16 Electric Field of Aerosol Particles in Electron–Aerosol Plasma
			11.9.17 Effect of Vibrational Excitation on Kinetics of Negative Ion-Cluster Growth
			11.9.18 Kinetics of a Supersmall Particle Growth in Dusty Plasma
			11.9.19 Neutral Particle Trapping in RF-Plasma
			11.9.20 Coagulation of Neutral Nanoparticles in Plasma
			11.9.21 The α – γ Transition During Dusty Plasma Formation
			11.9.22 Clusterization Process as Diffusion in Space of Cluster Sizes
			11.9.23 Magic Clusters
			11.9.24 Kinetic Equation for Nonequilibrium Clusterization Process in Centrifugal Field
			11.9.25 Cluster Flux to Discharge Periphery
			11.9.26 Effective Clusterization Temperature as a Function of Centrifugal Factor
			11.9.27 Nonideality Criterion of Dusty Plasmas
			11.9.28 “Melting” of Coulomb Crystals
			11.9.29 Plasma-Dust Frequency
			11.9.30 Ionic Sound in Dusty Plasma
			11.9.31 Dust Sound Wave in Plasma
	Chapter 12: Electron Beam Plasmas
		12.1 Generation and Properties of Electron-Beam Plasmas
			12.1.1 Electron Beam Plasma Generation
			12.1.2 Ionization Rate and Ionization Energy Cost at Gas Irradiation by High Energy and Relativistic Electrons
			12.1.3 Classification of Electron-Beam Plasmas According to Beam Current and Gas Pressure
			12.1.4 Electron-Beam Plasma Generation Technique
			12.1.5 Transportation of Electron Beams
		12.2 Kinetics of Degradation Processes, Degradation Spectrum
			12.2.1 Kinetics of Electrons in Degradation Processes
			12.2.2 Energy Transfer Differential CrossSections and Probabilities during Beam Degradation Process
			12.2.3 The Degradation Spectrum Kinetic Equation
			12.2.4 Integral Characteristics of Degradation Spectrum, Energy Cost of a Particle
			12.2.5 The Alkhazov’s Equation for Degradation Spectrum of High Energy Beam Electrons
			12.2.6 Solutions of the Alkhazov’s Equation
		12.3 Plasma-Beam Discharge
			12.3.1 General Features of Plasma-Beam Discharges
			12.3.2 Operation Conditions of Plasma-Beam Discharges
			12.3.3 Plasma-Beam Discharge Conditions Effective for Plasma-Chemical Processes
			12.3.4 Plasma-Beam Discharge Technique
			12.3.5 Plasma-Beam Discharge in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields, Plasma-Beam Centrifuge
			12.3.6 Radial Ion Current in Plasma Centrifuges and Related Separation Effect
		12.4 Non-Equilibrium High-Pressure Discharges Sustained by High-Energy Electron Beams
			12.4.1 Non-Self-Sustained High-Pressure Discharges
			12.4.2 Plasma Parameters of the Non-Self-Sustained Discharges
			12.4.3 Maximum Specific Energy Input and Stability of Discharges Sustained by Short-Pulse Electron Beams
			12.4.4 About Electric Field Uniformity in Non-Self-Sustained Discharges
			12.4.5 Non-Stationary Effects of Electric Field Uniformity in Non-Self-Sustained Discharges
		12.5 Plasma in Tracks of Nuclear Fission Fragments, Plasma Radiolysis
			12.5.1 Plasma Induced by Nuclear Fission Fragments
			12.5.2 Plasma Radiolysis of Water Vapor
			12.5.3 Maxwellization of Plasma Electrons and Plasma Effect in Water Vapor Radiolysis
			12.5.4 Effect of Plasma Radiolysis on Radiation Yield of Hydrogen Production
			12.5.5 Plasma Radiolysis of Carbon Dioxide
			12.5.6 Plasma Formation in Tracks of Nuclear Fission Fragments
			12.5.7 Collisionless Expansion of Tracks of Nuclear Fission Fragments
			12.5.8 Energy Efficiency of Plasma Radiolysis in Tracks of Nuclear Fission Fragments
		12.6 Dusty Plasma Generation by a Relativistic Electron Beam
			12.6.1 General Features of Dusty Plasma Generated by Relativistic Electron Beam Propagation in Aerosols
			12.6.2 Charging Kinetics of Macroparticles Irradiated by Relativistic Electron Beam
			12.6.3 Conditions of Mostly Negative Charging of Aerosol Particles
			12.6.4 Conditions of Balance Between Negative Charging of Aerosol Particles by Plasma Electrons and Secondary Electron Emission
			12.6.5 Regime of Intensive Secondary Electron Emission, Conditions of Mostly Positive Charging of Aerosol Particles
			12.6.6 Electron Beam Irradiation of Aerosols in Low Pressure Gas
		12.7 Problems and Concept Questions
			12.7.1 Relativistic Effects in Electron Energy Losses Function L ( E)
			12.7.2 Ionization Energy Cost at Gas Irradiation by High Energy Electrons
			12.7.3 Stopping Length of Relativistic Electron Beams in Atmospheric Air
			12.7.4 Critical Alfven Current for Electron Beam Propagation
			12.7.5 Bethe-Born Approximation of Degradation Spectrum
			12.7.6 Analytical Solutions of Alkhazov’s Equation
			12.7.7 Energy Cost of Ionization and Excitation at Electron Beam Stopping in Gases
			12.7.8 Operation Conditions of Plasma-Beam Discharges
			12.7.9 Limitation of Langmuir Noises for Efficient Vibrational Excitation in Plasma-Beam Discharges
			12.7.10 Plasma-Beam Discharge Parameters in Molecular Gases
			12.7.11 Plasma-Beam Discharge in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields
			12.7.12 Magnetized Ions Separation Effect in Plasma Centrifuge Based on Plasma-Beam Discharge
			12.7.13 Stable Regimes of Non-Self-Sustained Discharges With Ionization Provided by High Energy Electron Beams
			12.7.14 Uniformity of Non-Self-Sustained Discharges With Ionization Provided by High Energy Electron Beams
			12.7.15 Plasma Radiolysis of Carbon Dioxide
			12.7.16 Initial Tracks of Nuclear Fission Fragments
			12.7.17 Tracks and Plasma Effects in Radiolysis Provided by α Particles
			12.7.18 Relativistic Electron Beam in Aerosols
	Chapter 13: Physics and Engineering of Discharges in Liquids
		13.1 Plasma Generation Inside Liquids
			13.1.1 General Features of Electrical Discharges in Liquids
			13.1.2 Major Conventional Mechanisms and Characteristics of Plasma Discharges in Water
			13.1.3 Physical Kinetics of Water Breakdown
		13.2 Generation of Non-Equilibrium Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma in Water Without Bubbles
			13.2.1 About Plasma in Liquids Without Bubbles
			13.2.2 Initial Observations of Sub-Micron Pulsed Plasma in Water Without Bubbles
			13.2.3 First Observations of Macroscopic Pulsed Plasma in Water Without Bubbles
		13.3 Non-Equilibrium Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma Without Bubbles in Different Liquids: Comparison of Water and PDMS
			13.3.1 Analysis of the Effect of Polarizibility and Dielectric Properties of Liquids on the Nano-Second Pulsed Discharge Development: Images of No-Bubbles-Liquid-Plasma in Water versus Transformer Oil PDMS
			13.3.2 Nano-Second Pulsed Discharges in Liquids without Bubbles: Spatial Evolution Structure in Water versus Transformer Oil PDMS
			13.3.3 The Nano-Second Pulsed Discharges in Liquid, Are They Really Generated Without Bubbles? Shadow Imaging
			13.3.4 Characterization of the Nano-Second Pulsed Discharges in Liquid: Optical Emission Spectroscopy
		13.4 Simple Theoretical Interpretations of the Non-Equilibrium Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma in Liquids Without Bubbles
			13.4.1 Challenges of Direct Ionization of Liquids
			13.4.2 Similarity of the Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Evolution in Water to the Evolution of Long Sparks
			13.4.3 Requirements for a Streamer Formation in Liquid without Bubbles
			13.4.4 Modified Meek’s Criterion for Streamer Formation and Breakdown of Liquids without Bubbles
			13.4.5 Possible Direct Liquid Ionization Mechanism
		13.5 Cryogenic Liquid Plasma: Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharge in Liquid Nitrogen
			13.5.1 General Aspects Regarding Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges in Cryogenic Liquids
			13.5.2 Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges in Cryogenic Liquids: Plasma Imaging
			13.5.3 Optical Emission Characterization of the Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharge in Liquid Nitrogen without Bubbles
			13.5.4 Polymeric Nitrogen Production in the Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharge in Liquid N 2
		13.6 Problems and Concept Questions
			13.6.1 Breakdown of Water, Effect of Conductivity
			13.6.2 Increment of the Thermal Breakdown Instability, Leading to Electric Breakdown of Water
			13.6.3 Minimum Water Breakdown Voltage
			13.6.4 Generation of Nano-Plasma by Nano-Corona
			13.6.5 Generation of Nano-Plasmas in Liquids and Gases
			13.6.6 Comparison of Negative and Positive Pulsed Corona Discharges in Liquids Without Bubbles
			13.6.7 The Dark Phase Effect During Evolution of the Nano-Second Pulsed Discharge in Liquids
			13.6.8 Modified Meek’s Criterion for Breakdown of Liquids
			13.6.9 Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharge in Liquid N 2, Synthesis of Polymeric Nitrogen
References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z