Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress

Front Matter\r......Page 1
Water stress......Page 14
Low temperature stress......Page 15
Heat stress......Page 17
Oxidative stress......Page 18
Genotoxic stress......Page 19
Stress sensors in the model organism Synechocystis......Page 20
Stress sensors in the model organism Synechocystis......Page 21
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Plant species and experimental systems used in molecular studies......Page 23
1.3 Abscisic acid (ABA)......Page 24
1.4.1 Histidine kinases......Page 26
1.4.2.1 MAP kinase signalling......Page 27
1.4.2.2 Phosphatases......Page 28
1.4.2 Calcium signalling......Page 29
1.4.4 Phospholipid signalling......Page 30
1.5 Transcriptional control......Page 32
1.5.2 The dehydration-responsive element......Page 35
1.5.3 The SAP domain......Page 36
1.5.4 Myb and helix-loop-helix domains......Page 37
1.5.7 Positioning of signals in the network......Page 38
1.6.1 The accumulation of compatible solutes......Page 39
1.6.2 Genes that encode proteins with protective functions......Page 40
1.7 Conclusions and outlook......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 52
2.2 Systems used to study ABA signal transduction......Page 53
2.3 ABA biosynthesis......Page 54
2.3.3 Formation of ABA from xanthoxin......Page 56
2.4.1 ABA- Receptor......Page 57
2.4.2 Intracellular messengers......Page 58
2.4.2.1 Redox signals......Page 59
2.4.2.3 Lipid-derived signals......Page 60
2.4.2.4 Calcium......Page 61
2.4.3 G-proteins......Page 62
2.4.5.1 Protein phosphatases ABI1, ABI2......Page 63
2.4.5.2 Other protein phosphatases......Page 65
2.4.6.2 Mitogen-activated protein kinases......Page 66
2.4.7.1 VP1/ABI3......Page 67
2.4.7.2 Basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors......Page 68
2.4.7.5 Other transcription factors......Page 69
2.5 RNA and protein turnover during ABA response......Page 70
2.6 Cross-talk......Page 71
3.1 Introduction......Page 85
3.2.1 Hsp100......Page 86
3.2.2 Hsp90......Page 87
3.2.3 Hsp70......Page 88
3.2.4 Small hsps......Page 89
3.2.5 The Chaperonins......Page 90
3.3 Transcriptional regulation of hsps......Page 91
3.3.2.1 Positive and negative regulation by Hsfs......Page 92
3.3.2.2 Negative regulation by hsps......Page 94
3.3.2.3 Heat stress granules......Page 96
3.3.2.4 Regulation of Hsfs by phosphorylation......Page 97
3.4 Ca2+ and heat shock response......Page 99
3.5 Hormones and heat stress response......Page 100
3.6 Relationship between heat and other stresses......Page 102
3.7 Developmental regulation of shsps by Hsfs......Page 103
3.8 Future directions......Page 104
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.2 Hik33 as a cold sensor......Page 115
4.4 Perception of multiple stresses by Hik33......Page 117
4.6 Hik7 and Rre29 as the sensor and signal transducer of a phosphate deficit......Page 119
4.7.1 Hik27 and Rre16 as the sensor and signal transducer of manganese deficiency......Page 120
4.8 Comparative analysis of histidine kinases (Hiks) in cyanobacteria......Page 123
4.9 Future perspectives......Page 124
5.1 Introduction......Page 131
5.2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)......Page 132
5.3.2. ROS generation......Page 134
5.3.3 Removal of ROS......Page 138
5.4.1 Effects on gene expression......Page 140
5.4.2.1 Transcription......Page 144
5.4.2.2 Effects of H2O2 on cell signalling......Page 146
5.5.1 Oxidative burst and PCD......Page 147
5.5.2 H2O2 and stomata......Page 149
5.5.4 Anoxia and H2O2......Page 150
5.6 Conclusions......Page 151
6.1.1 Low temperature stress......Page 160
6.1.2 Cold acclimation......Page 161
6.1.3 Molecular dissection of cold acclimation......Page 164
6.2.1 Perception of cold......Page 165
6.2.2 Membrane rigidification......Page 166
6.3 Role of Ca2+ in cold acclimation......Page 167
6.4.1 Protein kinases......Page 171
6.4.2 Protein phosphatases......Page 173
6.5.1 Gene expression in response to cold......Page 174
6.5.2 CRT/DRE/LTRE regulated gene expression......Page 175
6.5.3 ABRE mediated gene expression......Page 178
6.5.4 Regulation of transcription factors......Page 179
6.5.5 Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression......Page 182
6.6 Conclusions......Page 184
7.1 Introduction......Page 196
7.2.1 Copper......Page 198
7.2.2 Cadmium......Page 199
7.3.1 Extracellular cellular processes and biotrophic interactions......Page 202
7.3.2 Cellular signalling of copper – means to maintain homeostasis......Page 204
7.3.3 Cellular signalling of cadmium......Page 207
7.4.1 Links between cellular heavy metal signalling and inhibition of root growth......Page 208
7.4.2 Long distance signalling and shoot responses to heavy metals......Page 211
7.5 Conclusions and implication for future research......Page 213
8.1 Introduction......Page 225
8.2 What is genotoxic stress?......Page 226
8.3.1.1 Nuclear-target-mediated signalling in non-plant systems The sensor proteins that directly recognize DNA damage are not yet......Page 229
8.3.1.2 Nuclear-target-mediated signalling in plant systems......Page 231
8.3.2.1 Non-nuclear-target-mediated signalling in non-plant systems......Page 233
8.3.2.2 Non-nuclear-target-mediated signalling in plant systems......Page 236
8.3.3 Transcriptional response to genotoxic stress in plants......Page 238
8.3.4 UV-B signalling......Page 239
8.4 Rapid genomic change in plants?......Page 240
8.5 Conclusions......Page 241
9.1 Introduction......Page 249
9.2 Sodium entry into plant cells......Page 250
9.3 Input signals of salt stress......Page 251
9.3.1 Calcium signalling......Page 252
9.3.2 Calcium sensors......Page 254
9.3.3 Hybrid two-component receptor kinases......Page 256
9.3.4 MAPK pathway......Page 257
9.4 ABA-mediated salt stress signaling......Page 259
9.5 The SOS signaling pathway of ion homeostasis......Page 261
9.6.1 Sodium sequestration into the vacuole......Page 263
9.6.2 K+ Uptake......Page 264
9.6.3 Osmoprotectant biosynthesis......Page 265
9.7.1 Salt stress induced proteins......Page 266
9.8 Oxidative stress management......Page 267
9.10 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 268
10.1 Introduction......Page 279
10.2 Cis- and trans-acting factors involved in regulation of gene expression by drought, high-salinity and cold stress......Page 280
10.3 Collection and functional annotation of RIKEN Arabidopsis full-length (RAFL) cDNAs......Page 281
10.3.1 Application of RIKEN Arabidopsis full-length (RAFL) cDNA microarray to identify drought-, cold-, or high-salinity-stressregulated genes......Page 282
10.4 Stress-inducible genes and functions of their gene products identified by RAFL cDNA microarray......Page 285
10.4.1 Cold-inducible genes and stress-downregulated genes identified using RAFL cDNA microarray......Page 289
10.4.2 Application of RAFL cDNA microarray to study the expression profiles under abiotic stress conditions......Page 291
10.5 Application of Arabidopsis GeneChip to study the expression profiles under abiotic stress conditions......Page 293
10.7 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 295
Back Matter\r......Page 317