Plant reproduction

Cover\r......Page 1
Contents......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Floral meristem identity genes......Page 18
1.3 Floral repression genes and pathway......Page 20
1.4 Floral promotion genes and pathways......Page 21
1.4.1 Photoperiod promotion pathway......Page 22
1.4.2 Autonomous promotion pathway......Page 32
1.4.3 GA promotion pathway......Page 33
1.5.1 Are the pathways linear?......Page 35
1.5.3 Are the pathways independent?......Page 36
1.5.4 Where do the pathways converge?......Page 38
Acknowledgements......Page 40
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 48
2.2 FLOWERING LOCUS C and FR1GIDA confer a vernalization requirement in Ambidopsis......Page 51
2.3 Genes in the autonomous pathway of floral promotion......Page 53
2.4 FLC as a key regulator for the competence to flower......Page 55
2.5 The molecular basis of vernalization......Page 56
2.6 Possible parallels between Arabidopsis and other species......Page 57
2.7 Photoreceptors and flowering time......Page 58
2.8 Photoperiodism and circadian clocks......Page 60
2.8.1 Input genes......Page 61
2.8.2 Central oscillator components......Page 63
2.9 Photoperiod pathway genes downstream of the clock......Page 65
2.11 Genes downstream of the major flowering pathways......Page 66
2.13 Summary......Page 69
References......Page 70
3.1 Introduction......Page 76
3.2.1 Carpel development......Page 77
3.2.3 Megasporogenesis......Page 78
3.3 Ovule identity......Page 80
3.4 Placenta formation......Page 82
3.5.1 Controlling the outgrowth......Page 84
3.5.2 Pattern formation and the regulation of growth......Page 85
3.5.3 The proximal–distal polarity......Page 86
3.5.4 The adaxial–abaxial axis......Page 89
3.6 Integument morphogenesis......Page 90
3.6.2 Later aspects of integument ontogenesis......Page 91
Note added in proof......Page 95
References......Page 96
4.1 Introduction......Page 101
4.2 Microsporogenesis......Page 102
4.3 Microgametogenesis......Page 103
4.4.1 The unique pollen wall......Page 104
4.4.2 Exine pattern mutants......Page 106
4.4.3 Phenylpropanoids......Page 107
4.4.4 The pollen coat......Page 109
4.4.5 Microspore nutrition and metabolism......Page 111
4.5.1 Microspore isolation......Page 113
4.6 Asymmetric division, cell fate and polarity......Page 114
4.6.1 Asymmetric cytokinesis—sealing cell fate......Page 116
4.6.3 Models of cell-fate determination......Page 117
4.6.4 Determination of microspore polarity......Page 118
4.6.5 Mutants affecting microspore polarity, division and cell fate......Page 119
4.7.1 Generative cell migration......Page 122
4.7.3 Generative cell division......Page 123
4.7.4 The male germ unit......Page 125
4.8 Male gametophytic gene expression......Page 126
4.8.1 Developmental phases of expression......Page 131
4.8.2 Transcription in developing microspores......Page 132
4.8.3 Transcription in developing pollen......Page 133
4.8.4 Pollen-specific regulatory elements......Page 134
4.8.5 Posttranscriptional regulation......Page 135
4.8.6 Gene expression in generative and sperm cells......Page 137
4.9.1 Pectin-degrading enzymes......Page 138
4.9.2 Cytoskeleton-related proteins......Page 139
4.9.3 Transcriptional regulators......Page 142
4.9.4 Protein kinases......Page 143
4.9.5 Pollen allergens......Page 145
4.10.1 Pollen morphogenesis screens......Page 147
4.10.2 Segregation ratio distortion screens......Page 149
4.11 Conclusions and perspective......Page 150
Acknowledgements......Page 151
References......Page 152
5.1 Introduction......Page 169
5.2 Embryo development in Arabidopsis is representative of many dicot plants......Page 171
5.3 Early embryogenesis integrates two developmental programs......Page 172
5.3.1 Control of cell division after fertilization requires zygotic gene expression......Page 173
5.3.2 Early embryo and suspensor development are coordinately regulated......Page 174
5.3.3 Early after fertilization the suspensor differentiation program can be remodeled into embryogenesis......Page 175
5.3.4 Cellular differentiation in the suspensor is regulated by the embryo......Page 176
5.3.5 Subcellular organelles may be required for the progression of embryo development......Page 177
5.4 Early embryo development requires control of cell plate formation and cell wall position......Page 178
5.4.1 Cell plate formation is abnormal in cytokinesis mutants......Page 179
5.4.3 Cytokinesis control molecules are cell cycle regulated......Page 180
5.4.4 Cell plate and cell wall positioning mutants—cell plate positioning is deregulated in the zygote of the gnom mutant......Page 182
5.5.1 Developmental embryo domains are established in the initial divisions of the zygote......Page 184
5.5.2 The apical domain of the embryo forms the shoot meristem and the cotyledons......Page 186
5.5.3 The basal domain—histogenesis and formation of the primary root in the embryo......Page 189
5.6 Integrative development of the embryo......Page 196
5.6.1 Auxin signaling during embryogenesis......Page 197
5.6.2 The distribution of PIN1 auxin transporter is regulated during early embryogenesis......Page 198
5.6.4 Auxin gradients in the embryo modulate cell-specific processes......Page 200
5.7 Prospects......Page 201
References......Page 202
6.2 Background......Page 208
6.3 Nuclear endosperm development......Page 210
6.3.1 Syncytial......Page 213
6.3.2 Initial anticlinal walls......Page 216
6.3.3 Periclinal division......Page 221
6.4.1 Central or storage endosperm......Page 222
6.4.2 Transfer tissues......Page 224
6.4.3 Aleurone......Page 226
References......Page 229
7.1 Introduction......Page 236
7.2 Development of floral, seed and fruit structures......Page 238
7.3 Evolutionary origin of ovules, seeds and fruits......Page 239
7.4 Plant hormones facilitate long-range communication within and between floral organs during fruit and seed initiation......Page 241
7.5 Apomixis—a seed by any means?......Page 243
7.5.1 Types of apomixis and their temporal initiation during ovule development......Page 244
7.5.2 Genetic regulation of apomixis......Page 248
7.5.3 Overlaps exist between sexual and apomictic processes in facultative plants and lead to alterations in progeny ploidy level......Page 249
7.5.4 Cell fate decisions and patterns of gene expression in ovules of apomicts......Page 250
7.5.5 Mutagenesis in sexual and apomictic plants......Page 252
7.5.6 Autonomous endosperm mutants in Arahidopsis and the role of FIS genes in apomixis......Page 253
7.6 Parthenocarpic fruit development and the analysis of fruit initiation......Page 255
7.6.1 Arabidopsis as a model system for understanding fruit development......Page 256
7.6.2 Genes conferring parthenocarpy in crops......Page 260
7.6.3 Modifiers of parthenocarpic fruit development are also members of the GRAS gene family......Page 261
References......Page 264
8.1 An overview of the various self-incompatibility systems......Page 272
8.2.1 Observations on compatible and incompatible pollinations......Page 275
8.2.2 Genes and proteins associated with self-incompatibility in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae......Page 276
8.2.3 Reviewing the current models of self-incompatibility......Page 283
8.3 Conclusions—the utility of models......Page 288
References......Page 289
9.2 Pollination-induced senescence......Page 294
9.3 Ethylene biosynthesis......Page 295
9.3.1 Ethylene and flower senescence......Page 296
9.4.1 Pollination-induced ACC synthase......Page 297
9.4.2 Pollination-induced ACC oxidase......Page 299
9.5 Primary pollination signals......Page 300
9.5.2 ACC......Page 301
9.6 Secondary pollination signals and interorgan communication......Page 302
9.6.2 Role of ACC and ethylene......Page 303
9.6.4 Role of ethylene sensitivity......Page 305
9.7 Model for interorgan communication in carnation flower......Page 306
References......Page 307
A......Page 312
F......Page 313
P......Page 314
Z......Page 315