Plant Pathogen Interaction: Insight on Host System

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: General Introduction
	1: Plant-Pathogen Interactions Studies: Combinatorial Approach and Multidisciplinary Benefits
		References
	2: Plant-Pathogen Interactions and Global Food Security
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Crops and Food Security
		2.3 Principal Diseases and Impact on Food Security
			2.3.1 Viral Diseases
			2.3.2 Bacterial Diseases
			2.3.3 Fungal Diseases
			2.3.4 Nematode Diseases
			2.3.5 Diseases Caused by Parasitic Plants
		2.4 Accurate Identification of Plant Pathogens and Innovative Techniques for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
			2.4.1 Direct Techniques
				2.4.1.1 Serological Identification
				2.4.1.2 Molecular Techniques
				2.4.1.3 High-Throughput Sequencing
			2.4.2 Indirect Techniques
		2.5 Management Approach and Limitations
			2.5.1 Agroecological Practices
			2.5.2 Biochar
			2.5.3 Compost
			2.5.4 Irrigation Types
			2.5.5 Biological Control
				2.5.5.1 Bacteria
				2.5.5.2 Fungi and Yeasts
			2.5.6 Genome Editing Tools
				2.5.6.1 TALEN Technology
				2.5.6.2 CRISPR-Cas9
			2.5.7 Mathematical Modeling.
				2.5.7.1 Landscape-scale Via Spatially Explicit Compartmental Models
				2.5.7.2 The Dispersal Kernel and Epidemic Dynamics
				2.5.7.3 CABI/Plantwise
		2.6 Challenge
		2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
Part II: Case Studies of Some Prevalent Disease
	3: Fusarium Wilt of Tomato: Past, Present, and Future
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Causal Organism: Disease Symptom and Epidemiology
		3.3 Host Network and Impact on Tomato Production
		3.4 Pathogenic and Genetic Studies of FOL
			3.4.1 Virulence Genes Associated with FOL Pathogenicity
			3.4.2 Mode of Pathogenesis and Mechanisms of Host Resistance to Fusarium Wilt
			3.4.3 Genetic Variability Among FOL and Other Formae Speciales Members
			3.4.4 Molecular Variability in FOL
		3.5 Mitigation of Fusarium Wilt Through Integrated Approach
			3.5.1 Use of Synthetic Fungicides
			3.5.2 Use of Natural Agents
		3.6 Genetics of Host Resistance: Traditional Breeding and Inheritance of Resistance
		3.7 Pathogen and Host Genomic Studies
		3.8 Transcriptomics Studies
		3.9 Proteomics Studies
		3.10 Metabolomics Studies
		3.11 Recommendation and Future
		References
	4: Late Wilt of Maize: The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Pathogen
		4.3 Primary and Alternative Host Plants
		4.4 Magnaporthiopsis maydis Distribution
			4.4.1 Global Distribution
			4.4.2 Local Distribution
			4.4.3 Magnaporthiopsis maydis Survival
		4.5 Pathogen Development and Pathogenesis
			4.5.1 The Late Wilt Disease Cycle
			4.5.2 Molecular Monitoring of the Pathogen During the Disease Stages
			4.5.3 Effects of Abiotic Factors on the Biology of Magnaporthiopsis maydis
			4.5.4 Environmental Conditions and Disease Development
		4.6 Disease Symptoms and Damage
			4.6.1 External Symptoms
			4.6.2 Internal Symptoms
			4.6.3 Magnaporthiopsis maydis Crosstalk with the Soil and Plant Microflora
		4.7 Diagnostics Techniques
		4.8 Control Strategies
		4.9 Future Perspectives
		References
	5: Insights into Grapevine Defence Response Against Fungal and Oomycete Diseases Towards a Sustainable Plant Breeding
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Plant Response Mechanisms against Fungal and Oomycete Diseases
		5.3 Genetic Transformation and Genome Editing for Grapevine Resistance to Biotic Stress
		5.4 Key Genes and Biological Pathways Involved in Grapevine-Pathogen Interactions
		5.5 Grapevine Functional Genomics in View of Plant Breeding
		5.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
		References
Part III: Signaling and Defense
	6: Defensive Strategies of ROS in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Oxidative Burst and Plant-Pathogen Interactions
		6.3 Contrasting Roles of ROS in Plants
		6.4 Role of ROS in Plant Defence
		6.5 ROS in Plant Defence Mechanism
			6.5.1 Role of ROS as Secondary Messenger in Plant Defence Signalling
			6.5.2 Role of Elicitors in Plant Defence Signalling
			6.5.3 Defence Gene Signalling in Pathogenesis
			6.5.4 Role of Hormones in Defence Signalling
		6.6 ROS Productions in Response to Necrotrophic and Biotrophic Pathogens
		6.7 ROS and Hypersensitive Response (HR)
		6.8 Pathogen, PCD, and ROS Signalling
		6.9 ROS Signalling and SAR
		6.10 Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	7: Phytohormone Signaling and Plant-Pathogen Interaction
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Phytohormones Biosynthesis Pathways
			7.2.1 Cytokinins
			7.2.2 Auxins
			7.2.3 Ethylene
		7.3 Role of Phytohormones in the Plant Response to Pathogens
			7.3.1 Brassinosteroids (BRs)
			7.3.2 Salicylic Acid
			7.3.3 Ethylene (ET) and Jasmonat (JA)
			7.3.4 Auxin
			7.3.5 Abscisic Acid
			7.3.6 Gibberellin
			7.3.7 Cytokinin
		7.4 Phytohormones as Effectors of Plant-Microbe Interactions
		7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	8: Quorum Sensing and its Role in Bacterial Pathogenicity
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Quorum Sensing in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
		8.2 Types of Quorum Sensing in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
			8.2.1 Acyl Homoserine Lactone-Mediated Quorum Sensing
			8.2.2 Diffusible Signal Factor-Mediated Quorum Sensing
			8.2.3 The VFM Quorum Sensing System
		8.3 Quorum Sensing in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
			8.3.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
			8.3.2 Ralstonia solanacearum
			8.3.3 Pantoea stewartii
			8.3.4 Xylella fastidiosa
		8.4 Quorum Quenching in Plant Pathogens
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Advance Insights and Omics
	9: Pathobiome and Microbial Community Shifts Associated with Vegetable, Fruit, and Cereal Crops
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Vegetables- and Cereals-Associated Pathobiomes
			9.2.1 How Do Bacterial Pathogens Shape Vegetables- and Cereals-Associated Pathobiomes?
			9.2.2 How Do Fungal Pathogens Shape Vegetables- and Cereals-Associated Pathobiomes?
		9.3 Fruit-Associated Pathobiomes
			9.3.1 Fruit Pathobiome Related to Fungal Communities
			9.3.2 Fruit Pathobiome Related to Bacterial and Fungal Communities
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10: Prevalence of Microbiome Reservoirs in Plants and Pathogen Outbreaks
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Plant Microbiome
			10.2.1 Microbiome in Plant Shoot
			10.2.2 Microbiome in Plant Root
				10.2.2.1 Migration of Bacterial Pathogens in Plant Root
				10.2.2.2 Fundamental Weak Binding Forces in Bacterial Adhesion
		10.3 Microbe-Specific Primary Attachment Factors
			10.3.1 Primary Attachment in Rhizobium
			10.3.2 Secondary Attachment in Agrobacterium tumifaciens
		10.4 Adherence Mechanisms of Plant Pathogens
			10.4.1 Electrostatic Interaction
			10.4.2 Biofilm Formation in Plants
			10.4.3 Biomolecule-Mediated Bacterial Adhesion
				10.4.3.1 Lipopolysaccharides
				10.4.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
		10.5 Adaptation and Persistence of Pathobiome in Plant Surfaces
			10.5.1 Development and Assembly of the Pathobiome
			10.5.2 Protection of Plant Microbial Communities from Pathogens
				10.5.2.1 Mechanism of Plant Immune Response
				10.5.2.2 Immune System Targeted by Pathogens
			10.5.3 Microbiota-Mediated Immunity and Direct Microbial Competition
		10.6 Pathogen Reservoir in Plants
			10.6.1 Bacterial Pathogen Transmission to Plants
		10.7 A Comprehensive Abiotic Approach in Preventing Bacterial Contamination
			10.7.1 Environmental Temperature
				10.7.1.1 Preventive Approaches
			10.7.2 Light Radiation
				10.7.2.1 Preventive Approaches
			10.7.3 Irrigation Environment (Water, Humidity, and Moisture)
				10.7.3.1 Preventive Measures
			10.7.4 pH
		10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	11: Exploring Plant-Pathogen Interactions through Subcellular Proteomics: Insights and Challenges
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Plant Apoplast: The Main Communication Hub between Plants and Pathogens
			11.2.1 APF Proteome Modulation in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
			11.2.2 What we Have Learned from Host Apoplast Proteomics?
				11.2.2.1 Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes
				11.2.2.2 PR Proteins
				11.2.2.3 H+-ATPases
				11.2.2.4 ROS
				11.2.2.5 Proteases
				11.2.2.6 Sugars
			11.2.3 Pathogen in Planta Proteome Reveals Colonization Strategies through the APF
		11.3 Other Subcellular compartment´s Proteomics
			11.3.1 Mitochondria: The ROS Producer
			11.3.2 Chloroplast: The Source of Defence Signals
			11.3.3 Plasma Membrane: The Plastic Barrier
			11.3.4 Nucleus: The Defense Orchestra Modulator
		11.4 Conclusion
		References
	12: Genome Editing and Plant-Pathogen Interaction
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Role of Zinc Finger Nucleases in Plant-Pathogen Interaction
			12.2.1 Structure and Mechanism
		12.3 Role of TALENs in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
			12.3.1 Structure and Function
			12.3.2 Genome Editing by TALEN-Gene Drive Mutagenesis (TALEN-GDM)
		12.4 Role of CRISPR/Cas in Plant-Pathogen Interaction
			12.4.1 Mechanism
		12.5 Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 Editing
		12.6 Editing of S Genes Via CRISPR/Cas9
		12.7 CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Biomimicking
		12.8 Increasing Disease Resistance in Plants Via CRISPR/Cas9
		12.9 Conclusion
		References
	13: Secreted Effectors: A Perspective in Plant-Fungus Interaction
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Features of Fungal Effector
		13.3 Diversity of Fungal Effector
		13.4 Target of Fungal Effector
		13.5 In silico Identification of Fungal Effectors
		13.6 RNA Effector: An Exception to Classical Effector
		13.7 Evolution of Fungal Effectors
		13.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References