Plant Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests

3540229094......Page 1
Ecological Studies,Vol. 180......Page 2
Plant Ecology, Herbivory,\rand Human Impact\rin Nordic Mountain\rBirch Forests......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Contributors......Page 21
Section 1\rHistory, Environment and Plant Science......Page 25
1 History and Environment\rof the Nordic Mountain Birch......Page 26
2 Soils and Nutrients in Northern Mountain Birch\rForests: A Case Study from Finnmarksvidda,\rNorthern Norway......Page 42
3 Vegetation of the Mountain Birch Forest\rin Northern Fennoscandia......Page 57
4 Biomass and Production on a Landscape Level\rin the Mountain Birch Forests......Page 75
5 Mountain Birch Growth in Relation\rto Climate and Herbivores......Page 93
6 Effects of Temperature Changes on Survival\rand Growth in Mountain Birch Populations......Page 109
7 Phenology and Performance of Mountain Birch\rProvenances in Transplant Gardens: Latitudinal,\rAltitudinal and Oceanity–Continentality Gradients......Page 121
8 Synthesis Section 1: A Dynamic Forest\rin a Changing Environment......Page 138
Section 2 Herbivory......Page 144
9 Forest Defoliation Risks in Birch Forest by Insects\rUnder Different Climate and Land Use Scenarios\rin Northern Europe......Page 145
10 Birch Sapling Responses to Severity and Timing\rof Domestic Herbivore Browsing –\rImplications for Management......Page 159
11 Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Pastures –\rA Necessary Basis for Sustainable Reindeer Herding......Page 176
12 Long-Term Influence of Herbivores\ron Northern Birch Forests......Page 184
13 Synthesis Section 2: Herbivory in Northern Birch\rForests......Page 201
Section 3 Human Impact......Page 208
14 Rates and Processes of Natural Regeneration in\rDisturbed Habitats......Page 209
15 Recreation at Tree Line and Interactions\rwith Other Land-Use Activities......Page 219
16 Economic Limits and Possibilities for Sustainable\rUtilization of Northern Birch Forests......Page 234
17 The Vegetation Changes and Recent Impact on the\rMountain Birch Forest During the Last 40 Years......Page 249
18 Sámi Approaches to Mountain Birch Utilization\rin Northern Sápmi (Finland and Norway)......Page 268
19 Sustainable Reindeer Herding in Mountain Birch\rEcosystem......Page 282
20 Competition Over Nature, Space,Resources and\rManagement in the Mountain Birch Forest Ecosystem\rin Northernmost Fennoscandia: A Synthesis......Page 287
Section 4 Modelling Dynamics of Mountain Birch Forests,\rManagement and Future......Page 293
21 Landscape-Scale Model Relating the Nordic\rMountain Birch Forest Spatio-Temporal Dynamics\rto Various Anthropogenic Influences,Herbivory\rand Climate Change......Page 294
22 Scenarios for Future Development\rof the Mountain Birch Ecosystem......Page 312
23 Managing the Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem:\rLocal Communities and the State in Finland’s\rForestry......Page 323
24 Policies and Developing Plans Towards\rSustainability of Mountain Birch Ecosystems\rin Scandinavia......Page 337
Section 5 Integration and Conclusion......Page 351
25 The Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem –\rChallenges to Sustainable Management......Page 352
Subject Index......Page 366