Plant Disturbance Ecology: The Process and the Response

Front Cover
Plant Disturbance Ecology: The Process and the Response
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface of the first edition
Preface of the second edition
Chapter One: Disturbance and succession
	Introduction to the second edition
	Introduction to the first edition
	Disturbance as the nemesis of succession
	The chronosequence basis of succession
	Coupling disturbance and vegetation processes
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter Two: The turbulent wind in plant and forest canopies
	Introduction
		Notation
	The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over land
	Characteristics of turbulent flow in and above plant canopies
		Velocity moments
		Length and time scales
		Large Eddy structure in canopy turbulence
		A dynamic model for the large eddies-The mixing layer hypothesis
			The plane-mixing layer
		The canopy-mixing layer analogy
	Effects of topography and heterogeneity
		Flow over hills
		Canopies on hills
		Forest edges and clearings
	Implications of this velocity structure for canopy disturbance
		Windthrow and crop lodging
		Spread of spores and pathogens
		Fire
	Summary
	References
Chapter Three: Thunderstorm downbursts: Windstorms and blowdowns
	Introduction
	Convective storms and downbursts
	Vertical equation of motion
	Climatology
	Downdrafts, mesocyclones, and outflows
	Microbursts
	Large-scale systems
	Examples
	Climate variability
	Summary
	References
Chapter Four: Wind disturbance in forests: The process of wind created gaps, tree overturning, and stem breakage
	Introduction
	Risk of wind damage
		Wind loading
			``Roughness´´ method
			``Turning moment coefficient (TMC)´´ method
		Resistance to breakage
		Resistance to overturning
	Applied force
		Weather systems and their influence on regional differences in wind climate
		Temporal variability in the occurrence of strong winds
		Spatial variability related to topography
		Spatial variability related to the nature of the ground surface
		Wind distribution within a forest stand
		Influence of tree crown
		Influence of tree bending and dynamics
	Resistive force
		Stem
		Roots
	Direct consequences
		Consequences at wind speeds below critical (appliedresistive forces)
		Dose/response relationships
		Nature and distribution of disturbance
	Subsequent impact of windthrow, stem breakage, and gap/patch formation
		Tree scale impacts
		Gap/patch scale impacts
		Landscape scale impacts
		Feedbacks to likelihood and character of subsequent disturbance
	Summary and conclusions
		Process and response
		Further challenges to understanding wind and tree process/response interactions
	Appendix
	Glossary and definitions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter Five: Meteorological conditions associated with ice storm damage to forests
	Introduction
	Synoptic conditions for freezing rain
	Climatology of freezing rain in Canada
	Meteorological evolution of Ice Storm 98
	Brief description of synoptic evolution
	Role of North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation
	Possible changes in ice storm frequency under a warming climate
	Summary
	References
Chapter Six: The effect of icing events on the death and regeneration of North American trees
	Introduction
	The biomechanics of branch breakage during ice events with and without wind
		Ice accretion on branches
		Effect of wind on the ice-laden branch
		Effect of gravity on the ice-laden branch
		Complications
		Predictions based on this biomechanical exercise
	Ice measurements in the field
	A review of the literature on tree damage due to icing events
		Types of damage in relation to tree size
		Other factors influencing icing damage to trees
			Branching architecture
			Species identity
			Crown asymmetry (proximity to edge or slope angle)
			Position of the tree in the canopy
	The population consequences of major ice events
	Experimental icing
		General considerations
			Tree level experiments
			Ecosystem response to ice storm disturbance: The Hubbard Brook Ice Storm Experiment
	References
Chapter Seven: Coastal dune succession and the reality of dune processes
	Introduction
	Traditional dune succession hypothesis
	Problems with the dune succession hypothesis
		Chronosequence assumptions
		Data collection techniques
		Species replacement
		Soil development and colonization constraints
		Physical and biotic disturbances
	Process-response alternative to traditional succession hypothesis
		Sand transport and sand budgets
		Coupling sand budgets and vegetation distribution
		Coevolution of topography and vegetation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter Eight: Fluvial geomorphic disturbances and life-history traits of riparian tree species
	Introduction
	Geomorphic classification of riparian zones and disturbance regimes in a catchment
		Headwater streams (03rd order streams)
		Braided Rivers on alluvial fan (45th order streams)
		Low-gradient meandering rivers (6th or higher order streams)
	Disturbance, reliability of regeneration habitat and life history of dominant tree species
		Headwater streams
		Braided rivers on alluvial fans
		Low gradient meandering rivers
	Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter Nine: Water level changes in ponds and lakes: The hydrological processes
	Introduction
	Water balance
		Water balance equation
		Precipitation
		Evapotranspiration
		Groundwater exchange
		Surface water input and output
		Storage and basin morphometry
		Effects of meteorological fluctuations
	Case study-Northern prairie wetlands and lakes
		Overview of prairie wetlands
		Effects of upland vegetation and land use
		Riparian vegetation
		Wetland size, pond permanence, and salinity
		Prairie lakes
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter Ten: Development of post-disturbance vegetation in prairie wetlands
	Introduction
	Wet-dry cycles
	Marsh ecology research program
	Coenocline development: Same pre- and post-disturbance water levels
	Coenocline development: Different pre- and post-disturbance water levels
	Models of coenocline development
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter Eleven: Modeling fire effects on plants: From organs to ecosystems
	Introduction
	History of fire behavior and effects research
	Fundamentals of combustion and heat transfer
		Chemistry of combustion
		Physics of heat transfer
			Conduction
			Convection
			Radiation
	Modeling fire behavior
		HIGRAD/FIRETEC
		Wildland-urban interface Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS)
	Fire effects on plants
		Fire effects on roots
			Root heating models
		Fire effects on stems
			The cambium necrosis hypothesis
			The xylem dysfunction hypothesis
				Reduced xylem hydraulic conductivity due to air seed cavitation
				Reduced xylem hydraulic conductivity due to conduit wall deformation
			Stem heating models
		Fire effects on crowns
			Crown heating models
	Linking stem and crown injuries to whole plant functioning
	Scaling fire effects from individuals to ecosystems
		Spatially-explicit individual-based simulations
		Metabolic scaling theory (MST)
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter Twelve: Insect defoliators as periodic disturbances in northern forest ecosystems
	Introduction
	Defoliating insects as a distinct class of forest disturbance
		Insects compared to fire
		Outbreaks as regionally synchronized population oscillations
		Foliage-grazers versus other forest insects
	The process of insect disturbance
		Impact of herbivory
		Interaction with other agents
		Defoliators cause selective disturbance
		Overview of insect population dynamics
		Host tolerance
		Modeling herbivore impact: Empirical versus process approach
		Patterns of disturbance
			Spatial patterns
			Temporal patterns
	Population dynamics of foliage-grazers
		Case studies
			Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner)
			Jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus freeman
			Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem)
			Western Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman
			Summary
		A tritrophic model of cycle induction
			Model formulation
			Model behavior
			Model summary
			Spatial implementation
		Spatial synchronization
			Synchronizing mechanisms
			Synchrony versus synchronization
		Amplitude modulation, outbreak trends, and environmental change
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter Thirteen: Revisiting the relationship between spruce budworm outbreaks and forest dynamics over the Holocene in E ...
	Introduction
	History of spruce budworm outbreaks over the past 8000years
		Dendrochronological data
		Macrofossil versus microfossil analysis
			Macrofossils
		A new innovative microfossil analysis based on lepidopteran wing scales
	Variation in the temporal and spatial dynamics of outbreaks: Reflection on changes in forest structure as driven by fire an ...
		Twentieth-century outbreaks
		Comparing 20th-century and 19th-century outbreaks
		The forest structure in relation to fire, insect outbreaks, and climate
		Predicting the next outbreaks
	References
Chapter Fourteen: Beaver as agents of plant disturbance
	Introduction
	Beaver
	Physical processes impacted by beaver
		Beaver dams
		Hydrological processes influenced by beaver dams
		Geomorphic processes influenced by beaver dams
	Beaver disturbance impacts on individual plants, populations, and communities
		Dietary needs and forage preferences
		Beaver foraging behavior
		Foraging effects on plants
	Effects of beaver ecosystem engineering activities on plant communities
	Beaver response to other disturbance agents
		Forest fire
		Forest harvesting
		Streamflow regulation
		Agriculture
		Surface mining
		Urbanization
	Literature classification
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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