Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology

0123742331......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Introduction: what is a cell?......Page 8
The basic unit of life......Page 11
The chemical composition of cells......Page 13
A sense of cellular scale......Page 14
The energetics of cells......Page 16
Are there limits to the mechanistic view?......Page 17
The mechanistic viewpoint and god......Page 18
Summary......Page 19
Questions......Page 21
The relationship between cells and the organism......Page 22
Discovery and occurrence of plasmodesmata......Page 23
Structure of plasmodesmata......Page 24
Isolation and composition of plasmodesmata......Page 26
Permeability of plasmodesmata......Page 27
Questions......Page 31
Discovery of the endoplasmic reticulum......Page 32
Structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 33
Structural specializations that relate to function......Page 35
Lipid Synthesis......Page 36
Protein Synthesis on the Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 37
Calcium Regulation......Page 42
Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Synthesis......Page 44
Questions......Page 45
Isolation of peroxisomes......Page 46
β-Oxidation......Page 47
Photorespiration......Page 49
Relationship between glyoxysomes and peroxisomes......Page 52
Metabolite channeling......Page 54
Other functions......Page 56
Biogenesis of peroxisomes......Page 57
Questions......Page 59
Discovery and structure of the Golgi apparatus......Page 60
Polarity of the Golgi stack......Page 62
Isolation of the Golgi apparatus......Page 63
Synthesis of Carbohydrates......Page 64
The mechanism of movement from cisterna to cisterna......Page 65
Positioning of the Golgi apparatus......Page 69
Questions......Page 70
Discovery of the vacuole......Page 71
Structure, biogenesis, and dynamic aspects of vacuoles......Page 72
Isolation of vacuoles......Page 75
Composition of vacuoles......Page 76
Transport across the vacuolar membrane......Page 78
Proton-Translocating Pumps......Page 79
Slowly Activated Vacuolar Channels......Page 80
Proteolysis and Recycling......Page 81
Taking up Space......Page 82
Storage and Homeostasis......Page 83
Role in Turgor Generation......Page 85
Summary......Page 87
Questions......Page 88
Discovery of the secretory pathway......Page 89
Movement to the plasma membrane and the extracellular matrix......Page 93
Movement between the ER and the Golgi Apparatus......Page 94
Movement from the Golgi Apparatus to the Plasma Membrane......Page 95
Movement from the ER to the vacuole......Page 96
Fluid-Phase Endocytosis......Page 97
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis......Page 100
Disruption of intracellular secretory and endocytotic pathways......Page 101
Questions......Page 102
Historical survey of the study of cytoplasmic structure......Page 103
Chemical composition of protoplasm......Page 106
Physical properties of cytoplasm......Page 107
Newtonian Fluids......Page 108
Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 111
Experimental Approaches to Measuring Cytoplasmic Viscosity......Page 112
Elasticity of the Cytoplasm......Page 117
Function of the Microtrabecular Lattice in Polarity......Page 118
Questions......Page 119
Topology of the cell......Page 120
Evidence for the existence of a plasma membrane......Page 121
Structure of the plasma membrane......Page 125
Isolation of the plasma membrane......Page 128
Chemical composition of the plasma membrane......Page 130
Transport physiology......Page 136
Electrical properties of the plasma membrane......Page 144
Proton-Pumping ATPase......Page 146
The K+ Channel......Page 149
Guard Cells......Page 152
Structural specializations of the plasma membrane......Page 153
The cytoskeleton–plasma membrane–extracellular matrix continuum......Page 154
Questions......Page 155
Discovery of actomyosin and the mechanism of muscle movement......Page 156
Temporal and Spatial Localization of Actin in Plant Cells......Page 159
Biochemistry of Actin......Page 160
Actomyosin......Page 162
Actin-based motility......Page 163
Cytoplasmic Streaming......Page 164
Chloroplast Movements......Page 167
Secretion of Vesicles Involved in Tip Growth and Auxin-Induced Growth......Page 168
Questions......Page 169
Discovery of microtubules in cilia and flagella and the mechanism of movement......Page 170
Microtubules in nonflagellated or nonciliated cells and the discovery of tubulin......Page 173
Temporal and Spatial Localization of Microtubules in Animal and Plant Cells......Page 175
Characterization of Microtubule-Associated Motor Proteins......Page 178
Polymerization/Depolymerization......Page 179
Apical Meristems......Page 180
Tracheary Elements......Page 181
Guard Cells......Page 182
Tip-Growing Cells......Page 183
Various stimuli affect microtubule orientation......Page 184
Centrin-based motility......Page 185
Questions......Page 186
The scope of cell regulation......Page 187
What is stimulus-response coupling?......Page 188
Receptors......Page 190
Cardiac muscle as a paradigm for understanding the basics of stimulus-response coupling......Page 191
Early History of Kinetic Studies......Page 193
Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions......Page 194
Kinetics of Diffusion and Dehydration......Page 198
Ca2+ signaling system......Page 200
Mechanics of doing experiments to test the importance of Ca2+ as a second messenger......Page 201
Excitation-Cessation of Streaming Coupling in Characean Internodal Cells......Page 202
Thermodynamic Basis of the van’t Hoff Equation......Page 203
Turgor Regulation in Characean Cells......Page 205
Phosphatidylinositol Signaling in Guard Cell Movement......Page 208
The role of ions in cells......Page 209
Questions......Page 210
Discovery of chloroplasts and photosynthesis......Page 211
Discovery of Photosynthesis......Page 212
Discovery and Structure of Chloroplasts......Page 214
Composition of the chloroplasts......Page 218
Thermodynamics and bioenergetics in photosynthesis......Page 219
Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 220
Molecular Free Energy of Some Photosynthetic Processes......Page 221
Molecular Free Energy of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions......Page 222
Measurement of the pH Difference across a Membrane......Page 224
Organization of the Thylakoid membrane and the light reactions of photosynthesis......Page 225
Photosystem I Complex......Page 227
ATP Synthase......Page 228
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis......Page 229
Physiological, biochemical, and structural adaptations of the light reactions......Page 231
Fixation of carbon......Page 232
Reduction of nitrate and the activation of sulfate......Page 234
Chloroplast movements and photosynthesis......Page 235
Genetic system of plastids......Page 236
Biogenesis of plastids......Page 238
Questions......Page 240
History of the Study of Respiration......Page 241
History of the Structural Studies in Mitochondria......Page 242
Isolation of mitochondria......Page 244
Cellular geography of mitochondria......Page 245
Free Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy......Page 246
Resonance Structures of Phosphates......Page 247
The Principle of the Common Intermediate......Page 249
The Discovery of the Glycolytic Pathway......Page 250
Biochemistry of the Krebs Cycle......Page 251
Biochemistry of the Electron Transport Chain......Page 252
Thermodynamics of Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 255
Historical Aspects of Cellular Respiration......Page 256
Other functions of the mitochondria......Page 258
Genetic system in mitochondria......Page 259
Biogenesis of mitochondria......Page 260
Questions......Page 261
Autogenous origin of organelles......Page 262
Endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria......Page 263
Origin of peroxisomes, centrioles, and cilia......Page 265
Primordial host cell......Page 266
Summary......Page 267
Questions......Page 268
The discovery of the nucleus and its role in heredity, systematics, and development......Page 269
Structure of the nuclear envelope and matrix......Page 273
Chemistry of chromatin......Page 275
Morphology of chromatin......Page 279
Cell cycle......Page 282
Chromosomal replication......Page 283
Transcription......Page 284
Nucleolus and ribosome formation......Page 287
Questions......Page 289
Nucleic acids and protein synthesis......Page 290
Protein synthesis......Page 291
Protein targeting......Page 295
Protein degradation......Page 296
Techniques of protein purification......Page 297
Questions......Page 298
Spontaneous generation......Page 299
Concept of vitalism......Page 300
The origin of the universe......Page 301
Geochemistry of the early earth......Page 303
Prebiotic evolution......Page 304
The earliest darwinian ancestor and the last common ancestor......Page 309
Diversity in the biological world......Page 315
The origin of consciousness......Page 316
Summary......Page 317
Questions......Page 318
Mitosis......Page 319
Prophase......Page 320
Prometaphase......Page 321
Metaphase......Page 324
Anaphase......Page 326
The Sliding Filament Hypothesis......Page 327
Microtubule Depolymerization and Poleward Flux Theories......Page 328
Actin......Page 330
Energetics of mitosis......Page 331
Cell Plate Formation......Page 332
Isolation of Cell Plates......Page 334
Orientation of the Cell Plate......Page 336
Questions......Page 338
Relationship of the extracellular matrix of plant and animal cells......Page 339
Chemical composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix......Page 341
Extracellular matrix–plasma membrane–cytoskeletal continuum......Page 343
Plasma Membrane......Page 344
Endomembrane System......Page 345
Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix......Page 346
Forces, Pressures, and Stresses and Their Relationship to Strain......Page 349
Epilog......Page 355
Questions......Page 356
SI Units, Constants, Variables, and Geometric Formulae......Page 357
A Cell Biologist’s View of Non-Newtonian Physics......Page 362
Calculation of the Total Transverse Force and Its Relation to Stress......Page 370
Laboratory Exercises......Page 372
B......Page 382
C......Page 383
E......Page 384
G......Page 385
L......Page 386
N......Page 387
P......Page 388
S......Page 389
T......Page 390
Z......Page 391
References......Page 392