Plant Biology

CLIFFSQUICKREVIEW Plant Biology......Page 1
About the Author......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
What Is a Plant?......Page 13
The Flowering Plants as “Typical” Plants......Page 16
Divisions of Plant Science......Page 18
The Scientific Method......Page 19
Major Groups of Organisms......Page 21
A Current Classification of Plants and Other Organisms......Page 24
Cell Theory......Page 29
The Generalized Plant Cell......Page 33
Growth and Development......Page 41
Meristematic Tissues......Page 43
Tissue Systems and Their Cellular Composition......Page 44
Root Zones......Page 49
Primary Root Tissues and Structure......Page 52
Secondary Growth of Roots......Page 54
Types of Root Systems......Page 56
Specialized and Modified Roots......Page 57
Characteristics of Shoot Systems......Page 59
Primary Growth of Stems......Page 60
Secondary Growth of Stems......Page 61
Specialized Stems of Angiosperms......Page 66
External Features of a Leaf......Page 67
Origin of Leaves at the Shoot Apex......Page 68
Internal Structure......Page 69
Leaf Abscission......Page 72
Leaves and the Environment......Page 73
Specialized Leaves and Stems......Page 74
Features of Flowers......Page 77
Seed and Fruits......Page 78
Features of the Angiosperm Life Cycle......Page 79
Seed Structure and Development......Page 82
The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 85
The Chemistry of Energy Use......Page 86
Energy Regulators: Enzymes and ATP......Page 87
Movement of Materials in Cells......Page 89
The Structure of Membranes......Page 91
Transportation of Materials Across Membranes......Page 93
Reception and Communication Functions of Membranes......Page 95
Respiration Releases Energy for Plant Metabolism......Page 97
Glycolysis......Page 100
Aerobic Respiration......Page 102
The Electron Transport Chain and Phosphorylation......Page 104
Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation......Page 105
The Most Important Process in the World......Page 107
Overview of Eukaryote Photosynthesis......Page 108
Details of Photosynthesis in Plants......Page 110
The Essential Elements......Page 119
The Role of Soils......Page 120
Regulating Growth: Plant Hormones......Page 125
Types of Plant Hormones......Page 126
Tropisms......Page 129
Other Plant Movements......Page 130
Circadian Rhythms......Page 131
Photoperiodism......Page 132
Dormancy......Page 134
Senescence......Page 136
Eukaryote Cell Divison: The Cell Cycle......Page 137
Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis......Page 138
Mendelian Genetics......Page 145
Intricacies of Inheritance......Page 151
Darwin’s Theory......Page 155
The Modern Theory of Evolution......Page 156
Modern Taxonomy Includes Phylogenetics......Page 157
Naming Plants......Page 158
Types of Classifications......Page 159
Plants Among the Diversity of Organisms......Page 163
Features Used in Classifying Groups of Organisms......Page 165
General Characteristics of Prokaryotes......Page 171
Structure......Page 173
Reproduction......Page 174
Prokaryote Metabolism......Page 175
Systematics......Page 180
Ecology......Page 181
Human Interest/Economics......Page 182
Viruses......Page 183
Overview: A Kingdom Separate from Plants......Page 187
Characteristics......Page 189
Reproduction......Page 191
Systematics......Page 193
Ecology......Page 194
Symbiotic Relationships......Page 195
Plant Pathogens......Page 196
Yeasts......Page 197
A Mixture of Life Forms......Page 199
Significant Features of the Phyla: Fungi-Like Protista......Page 203
Significant Features of the Phyla: Algae......Page 205
Bryophytes Are Land Plants Without Vascular Tissues......Page 207
ATypical Bryophyte Life Cycle......Page 209
Phylogeny......Page 211
Ecology......Page 212
The Ferns and Their Allies Lack Seeds but Have Vascular Tissue......Page 213
Phylum Lycophyta—Club Mosses, Selaginellas, and Quillworts......Page 216
Phylum Sphenophyta—Horsetails......Page 217
Phylum Pterophyta—Ferns......Page 219
The First Vascular Plants......Page 222
The Gymnosperm Phyla......Page 225
Other Gymnosperm Phyla with Living Representatives......Page 229
Extinct Gymnosperm Phyla......Page 231
Phylum Anthophyta—The Flowering Plants......Page 233
The Parts of Ecosystems......Page 237
Ecosystem Structure—Plant Communities......Page 238
Ecosystem Functions......Page 239
Plant Interactions with Other Organisms......Page 240
Materials Used by Organisms are Recycled......Page 245
The Water Hydrologic Cycle......Page 246
The Carbon Cycle......Page 247
The Nitrogen Cycle......Page 248
The Phosphorus Cycle......Page 249
The Sulfur Cycle......Page 251
Distribution of Vegetation......Page 253
Terrestrial Biomes of the World......Page 254