Plant Abiotic Stress (Biological Sciences Series)

Plant Abiotic Stress......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2.1 Arid and semiarid regions of the world......Page 22
1.2.2 Plant strategies for water economy......Page 24
1.2.3 Ability to survive in water-limited environments......Page 25
1.2.4 Surviving water-deficit (drought) and severe......Page 26
1.3.1 Evolution of land plants......Page 27
1.4 Refresher of the world – how to create more drought-tolerant......Page 30
2.2 Cuticle structure and composition......Page 34
2.3 Cuticle function as a barrier to plant water loss......Page 38
2.4 Genetics of cuticle permeability......Page 44
2.5 Conclusions......Page 51
3.1 Salt stress effects on plant survival, growth and development......Page 57
3.1.2 Secondary effects of salt stress......Page 58
3.2 Plant genetic models for dissection of salt tolerance......Page 59
3.2.2 Thellungiella halophila (salt cress) – a halophyte molecular genetic model......Page 60
3.3.1 Intracellular ion homeostatic processes......Page 61
3.3.1.2 Na+ and Cl- compartmentalization into the vacuole......Page 62
3.3.2 Regulation of Na+ homeostasis in roots and shoots......Page 64
3.3.3 Sensing and regulatory pathways that control ion
homeostasis......Page 65
3.3.5 Damage response and antioxidant protection......Page 66
3.4 Plant salt tolerance determinants identified by functional
genetic approaches......Page 67
3.4.1.1 Na+  homeostasis......Page 72
3.4.1.3 Genes involved in ROS scavenging......Page 74
3.4.2.1 Kinases......Page 76
3.4.2.2 Transcription factors......Page 77
3.5 Global analysis of transcriptional activation of salt-responsive
genes......Page 78
4.1 Introduction......Page 91
4.2.1 Discovery and overview......Page 92
4.2.2.1 General properties......Page 95
4.2.2.2 Mechanism of action......Page 96
4.2.3 Function of the CBF cold-response pathway......Page 98
4.2.3.1 Cryoprotective proteins......Page 99
4.2.3.2 Regulatory proteins......Page 101
4.2.3.3 Biosynthetic proteins......Page 102
4.2.4 Regulation of CBF gene expression in response
to low temperature......Page 103
4.2.4.2 Proteins with positive roles in CBF
expression......Page 104
4.2.4.3 Proteins with negative roles in CBF expression......Page 105
4.2.4.5 Light and circadian rhythms......Page 107
4.2.4.6 Role of calcium......Page 108
4.3.1 Brassica napus......Page 109
4.3.2 Tomato......Page 110
4.3.3 Rice......Page 112
4.4 Concluding remarks......Page 113
5.1 Introduction......Page 120
5.2.1 High temperature limits to optimal plant performance......Page 121
5.2.2 Heat sensitivity of photosynthesis......Page 122
5.3 Cellular acquired thermotolerance......Page 124
5.4 Heat shock proteins/molecular chaperones......Page 125
5.4.1 Hsp100/ClpB......Page 126
5.4.2 Hsp90......Page 130
5.4.4 Hsp60/GroE......Page 131
5.4.5 The sHSP family of proteins......Page 132
5.5 Other components of the response to heat......Page 134
5.5.1 Antioxidant production......Page 135
5.5.2 Other heat-stress regulated genes......Page 138
5.5.3 Other heat-protective responses......Page 140
5.5.4 Mutants defective in heat tolerance......Page 141
5.5.5 Transgenic plants with altered heat tolerance......Page 142
5.6.1 Heat shock transcription factors......Page 145
5.6.3 Abscisic acid......Page 146
5.6.5 Calcium......Page 147
5.6.7 Ethylene......Page 148
5.6.9 Kinases and phosphatases......Page 149
5.7.1 Agricultural/horticultural plants......Page 151
5.8 Summary......Page 152
6.1 Introduction......Page 165
6.3 Soil acidification......Page 166
6.4 Acid soils......Page 167
6.5 Calcareous soils......Page 168
6.6 Plant responses to soil stress......Page 169
6.8 Aluminum tolerance by exclusion......Page 170
6.9 Aluminum tolerance by internal accumulation......Page 172
6.10 Metal hyperaccumulators......Page 173
6.11.1 Phosphorus deficiency......Page 175
6.11.2 Improving P efficiency in transgenic plants......Page 176
6.11.3 Plant responses to iron deficiency......Page 178
6.12.1 Effects of iron availability on transfer cell formation......Page 181
6.12.3 Effects of nutrient availability on root branching......Page 182
6.13 Functional genomics for the discovery of genes involved in
mineral nutrition......Page 183
6.14 Application of functional genomics to iron and phosphorus
nutrition......Page 184
7.1 Introduction......Page 191
7.2 Photosynthetic inhibitors......Page 194
7.2.1 Resistance......Page 196
7.3.1 Branched-chain amino acid synthesis inhibitors......Page 197
7.3.1.1 Resistance......Page 199
7.3.2 Aromatic amino acid synthesis inhibitors......Page 201
7.3.2.1 Resistance......Page 204
7.3.3 Fatty acid synthesis and elongation inhibitors......Page 206
7.3.3.1 Resistance......Page 209
7.3.5 Folic acid synthesis inhibitors......Page 210
7.3.6.1 Resistance......Page 211
7.3.7 Quinone synthesis inhibitors......Page 212
7.3.8 Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors......Page 213
7.4 Induction of herbicide metabolism......Page 214
7.5 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors......Page 216
7.6 Mitotic disruptors......Page 217
7.7 Hormone disruptors......Page 218
7.7.1 Resistance......Page 219
7.8 Genome effects......Page 221
7.9 Summary and future prospects......Page 222
8.1 Introduction......Page 235
8.1.1 Sensors......Page 236
8.1.2 ROS......Page 238
8.1.3 Calcium......Page 240
8.1.4 Phospholipids......Page 241
8.1.5 SOS pathway......Page 244
8.1.6 SOS3-like Ca2+-binding proteins and SOS2-like protein kinases......Page 247
8.1.7 CDPKs......Page 248
8.1.8 MAPKs......Page 249
8.1.9 ICE1 pathway for cold regulation......Page 250
8.2 Regulation of gene expression by ABA......Page 254
8.4 Summary......Page 257
9.2 Expression profiling under stress conditions by cDNA
microarray analysis......Page 268
9.3 DNA Microarrays are an excellent tool for identifying
genes regulated by various stresses......Page 269
9.4 DNA microarrays are a useful tool for identifying the target
genes of the stress-related transcription factors......Page 270
9.5 Expression profiling in various stress-related mutants......Page 273
9.6 Rehydration- or proline-inducible genes and functions of
their gene products identified by RAFL cDNA microarray......Page 274
9.7 Abiotic stress-inducible genes identified using microarrays
in monocots......Page 275
9.8.1 7K RAFL cDNA microarray analysis......Page 276
9.8.2 GeneChip analysis......Page 277
9.9 Application of full-length cDNAs to structural and functional
analysis of plant proteins......Page 278
9.10 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 279
9.11 Summary......Page 280
Index......Page 286