Planning of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Microgrid: Modeling, Control and Optimization (Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering)

Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction
	1.1 Hybrid Renewable Energy System
	1.2 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
	1.3 Microgrids and Smart Grids
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2 Planning Methodologies of Hybrid Energy System
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Hybrid Energy System
	2.3 Types of Hybrid System
		2.3.1 Solar Gas Turbine
		2.3.2 Fuel Cell Gas Turbine
		2.3.3 Solar Biomass Energy
		2.3.4 Solar Geothermal Energy
		2.3.5 Solar Wind Energy
	2.4 Technologies/Tools for Hybrid Energy System
	2.5 Planning Methodologies of Hybrid Energy System
		2.5.1 Graphic Construction Method
		2.5.2 Analytical Method
		2.5.3 Probabilistic Method
		2.5.4 Artificial Intelligence Method
		2.5.5 Hybrid Method
	2.6 Optimization Techniques
		2.6.1 Particle Swarm Optimization
		2.6.2 Ant Colony Optimization
		2.6.3 Artificial Bee Colony Optimization
		2.6.4 Tabu Search Optimization
		2.6.5 Genetic Algorithm
	2.7 Conclusion
	2.8 Future Work
	2.9 Summary
	References
3 Advanced Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring Schemes for Solar PV Systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Solar PV Modeling and Fault Analysis
	3.3 Faults in Solar PV Array
		3.3.1 Permanent Faults
		3.3.2 Intermittent Faults
		3.3.3 Incipient Faults
		3.3.4 Arc Faults
	3.4 Detection of Faults in SPV System
		3.4.1 Conventional Fault Detection Techniques
		3.4.2 Modern Fault Detection Techniques
	3.5 Classification Based on AI Techniques
		3.5.1 Machine Learning-Based Technique
		3.5.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	3.6 Fault Mitigation Techniques
		3.6.1 Protection Device-Based Technique
		3.6.2 Simulation-Based Technique
		3.6.3 Arc Fault Detection
	3.7 Key Challenges and Opportunities
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4 Overview of Energy Management Systems for Microgrids and Smart Grid
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Microgrid
		4.1.2 Smart Grid
		4.1.3 Literature Review
	4.2 Energy Management Systems in Microgrid
		4.2.1 Microgrid Energy Management
		4.2.2 Objective Functions and Constraints of an Energy Management System
		4.2.3 Optimization Techniques for Energy Management Systems
		4.2.4 Stochastic Programming
	4.3 Solutions for Energy Management Problems
		4.3.1 Introduction
		4.3.2 Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach
		4.3.3 Model Predictive Control-Based Solution
		4.3.4 Metaheuristic Approaches
		4.3.5 Agent-Based Approach
		4.3.6 Other Solutions
	4.4 Energy Management Analysis in Smart Grid
		4.4.1 Introduction
		4.4.2 Energy Management Analysis
		4.4.3 Importance of Energy Management System
		4.4.4 Energy Management Application
		4.4.5 Tools Used in Energy Management System
		4.4.6 Current Situation and Barriers
	4.5 The Architecture of Energy Management System in Smart Grid
		4.5.1 History of Energy Management System
		4.5.2 Objectives of Energy Management System
		4.5.3 Construction of Energy Management System
	4.6 Tools Utilized in Energy Management Systems in Smart Grid
		4.6.1 Introduction
		4.6.2 Scada
		4.6.3 Building Energy Management System (BEMS)
	4.7 Conclusion
	4.8 Future Scope
	References
5 A Comprehensive Review on the Advancement of Biogas Production Using Leftover Food and Kitchen Waste
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Survey
	5.3 Methodology
		5.3.1 Hydrolysis Reaction
		5.3.2 Acidogenesis Reaction
		5.3.3 Acetogenesis Reaction
		5.3.4 Methanogenesis Reaction
	5.4 Design Consideration of the Bio-Gasification
		5.4.1 Temperature
		5.4.2 PH and Alkalinity
		5.4.3 Nature of Digester
		5.4.4 Nutrient Concentration
		5.4.5 Loading of Crushed Slurry
		5.4.6 Composition of Food Waste
		5.4.7 Effect of Toxins
		5.4.8 Retention Time
		5.4.9 Particle Size of Waste
		5.4.10 Cost
		5.4.11 Sun Rays
		5.4.12 Moisture Content
	5.5 Operational Performance Data
	5.6 Kitchen Waste-based Biogas Plant Design
		5.6.1 Digester
		5.6.2 Floater
		5.6.3 Filter Unit
		5.6.4 Biogas Analyzer
	5.7 Procedure
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Design and Analysis of Renewable-Energy-Fed UPQC for Power Quality Improvement
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 PV UPQC with VSI, CSI, and ZSI
	6.3 Working States of ZSI
	6.4 Modulatıon Algorıthm Wıth Tımıng Dıagram of the Proposed Z-Source Inverter
	6.5 Proposed Hybrid Technique
	6.6 Results and Discussion
		6.6.1 Swell Alleviation by UPQC with VSI
		6.6.2 Swell Alleviation by UPQC with CSI
		6.6.3 Swell Alleviation by UPQC with ZSI
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Energy Storage Technologies; Recent Advances, Challenges, and Prospectives
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Benefits of Storing Energy
	7.3 Energy Storage Technologies
		7.3.1 Chemical Energy Storage Technologies (CESTs)
		7.3.2 Electromagnetic Energy Storage (EMES)
		7.3.3 Mechanical Energy Storage Technologies (MESTs)
		7.3.4 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
		7.3.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage (ECES)
	7.4 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESSs)
	7.5 Challenges and Prospects of Energy Storage Technologies
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Hydrogen Production from Renewable Energy Sources, Storage, and Conversion into Electrical Energy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electrolysis
		8.2.1 PEM Electrolyzer
		8.2.2 Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE)
		8.2.3 Alkaline Electrolyzer
		8.2.4 Comparison of Electrolyzers
	8.3 Renewable Energy Sources for Hydrogen
		8.3.1 Solar Energy
		8.3.2 Wind Energy
		8.3.3 Hydroelectric Energy
		8.3.4 Geothermal Energy
	8.4 Storage of Hydrogen
	8.5 The Generation of Electrical Energy from Hydrogen
		8.5.1 The Fuel Cells
		8.5.2 Comparison of Fuel Cells and Batteries
		8.5.3 Modeling of the Fuel Cell
		8.5.4 Characteristics of the PEM Fuel Cell
		8.5.5 Applications of Fuel Cell
	8.6 Design of a Photovoltaic-Hydrogen Gas Station
		8.6.1 Solar to Hydrogen
		8.6.2 Sizing of Hydrogen Gas Station
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9 Planning and Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution System Using Optimization Techniques
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodologies
		9.2.1 AC- optimal Power Flow
		9.2.2 Real & Reactive Power (Combined) for Nodal Cost Estimation
		9.2.3 Energy not Supplied (ENS) & Reliability
		9.2.4 Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Optimization Technique
	9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.3.1 Analysis of 69–Bus Radial Distribution System—Based on Load Growth Method
		9.3.2 Analysis of 69–Bus Radial Distribution System with EV Charging Station Using ABC Optimization Technique
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station with Integration of Renewables in Distribution Network
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Electric Vehicle
		10.1.2 EV Charging
		10.1.3 Distributed Generation
		10.1.4 Uncertainty
		10.1.5 Highlights of the Chapter
	10.2 Related Work
	10.3 Problem Formulation
		10.3.1 Mathematical Calculation of EV Parameters
		10.3.2 EVCS and DG Allocation
	10.4 Uncertainty Modelling
	10.5 Result and Discussion
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11 Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems—A Review with Case Study
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Components and Modelling of HRES
		11.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic Module (PV)
		11.2.2 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)
		11.2.3 Diesel Generator (DG)
		11.2.4 Fuel Cell (FC) and Electrolyser
		11.2.5 Micro Hydro Power Plant
		11.2.6 Biogas Plant
		11.2.7 Storage
		11.2.8 Power Converter
	11.3 Sizing and Performance Optimizations
		11.3.1 Classical Optimization Techniques
		11.3.2 Meta-Heuristic Optimization Techniques
		11.3.3 Hybrid Optimization Techniques
		11.3.4 Software-Based Optimization Techniques
	11.4 Performance Metrics Analysis
		11.4.1 Cost Indices
		11.4.2 Reliability Indices
		11.4.3 Environmental Indices
	11.5 Applications and Future Scope
	11.6 Case Study
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 Modeling and Control of PV Systems for Maximum Power Point Tracking and Its Performance Analysis Using Advanced Techniques
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Small-Signal Model of Photovoltaic Module
	12.3 The Integrated Small-Signal Model
	12.4 System Analysis and Controller Design
	12.5 Advanced Soft-Computing Algorithms for MPPT
		12.5.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for MPPT
		12.5.2 Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) for MPPT
		12.5.3 Binary Coded Genetic Algorithm (BCGA) for MPPT
	12.6 Comparative Analysis
		12.6.1 Convergence Characteristics
		12.6.2 Tracking Efficiency
	12.7 Effect of Load Variation
	12.8 Summary
	References
13 Design of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in Recent Years—A Short Review
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Commonly Available VAWT
		13.2.1 Vortex Induced Vibrations Wind
		13.2.2 Tornado Type Wind Turbine
		13.2.3 Darrieus Type Wind Turbine
	13.3 Design of VAWT
		13.3.1 Design Requirements
		13.3.2 Blade Design
		13.3.3 Aerodynamic Design
	13.4 Methods to Enhance Lift at Low Reynolds Number
	13.5 Power Transmission Units and Generators
	13.6 VAWT Farms
	13.7 Numerical Simulation for the VAWT Design
	13.8 Computation Method
		13.8.1 Pressure-Based Segregated Solver
	13.9 Experimental Methods for Validation
	13.10 Installation of VAWT
	13.11 Advantages and Limitations of VAWT Over HAWT
	13.12 Conclusion
	References
14 Theoretical Modelling, Analysis and Energy Yield Prediction for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Rotors
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Classification of Wind Turbines
	14.3 Geometric Model and Aerodynamic Principle of Wind Turbine Rotor
	14.4 Blade Element Momentum (BEM) Theory
		14.4.1 BEM Theory Assumptions and Formulation
		14.4.2 Wind Shear Approximation
		14.4.3 Limitations and Improvements to Classical BEM Theory
		14.4.4 Turbulence Intensity and Empirical Cp Model
	14.5 Power Curve Determination
	14.6 Mathematical Relation Between Scale and Shape Factor
	14.7 Results and Discussion
		14.7.1 Turbine Efficiency and Dynamics
		14.7.2 Power Curve Assessment and Efficiency
		14.7.3 Energy Yield Prediction
	14.8 Conclusions
	References
15 Energy Sources for Electric Vehicles
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Battery
		15.2.1 Battery Basics
		15.2.2 Types of Batteries
		15.2.3 Battery Parameters
	15.3 Fuel Cell
		15.3.1 Types of Fuel Cells
		15.3.2 Reformers
	15.4 Ultracapacitors
	15.5 Flywheel
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Wireless Charger for E-Vehicle Using Green Technology
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Literature Review
	16.3 System Model
	16.4 Results and Discussion
	16.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
17 Power Quality Issues in Smart Grid/Microgrid
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Smart Grid
		17.1.2 Power Quality Challenges in Smart Grid
		17.1.3 Microgrid
		17.1.4 Power Quality Subjects in Microgrid
	17.2 Causes and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in Smart Grids
		17.2.1 Harmonic Emission by Power Electronic Equipment
		17.2.2 Interference Between Grid Connected Devices and Power Line Communication
		17.2.3 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
		17.2.4 Devices for Improving Power Quality in Smart Grid
	17.3 Causes and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in DC Microgrid
		17.3.1 Power Quality Improvement Methods for DC Microgrid
		17.3.2 Voltage Droop Control Method
		17.3.3 Hierarchical Control Method
		17.3.4 Multi-agent Control Technique
		17.3.5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Control Method
		17.3.6 Energy Management Strategy
	17.4 Causes and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in AC Microgrid
		17.4.1 Output Control of Converter
		17.4.2 Control for Power Sharing
		17.4.3 Secondary-Level Microgrid Supervisory
		17.4.4 Tertiary Level of Grid Supervisory Control
	17.5 Conclusion
	17.6 Future Scope
	References
18 Comprehensive Design of Small Electric Vehicle for Powertrain Optimization for Optimum Range with Weight and Size Reduction
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Materials for SEV Chassis
	18.3 Road Load Coefficients
		18.3.1 Significance of Road Load Coefficients
	18.4 Modular Battery Pack Design
	18.5 Energy Economy in Electric Vehicles
	18.6 Electric Vehicle Transmission
		18.6.1 Background in Transmission System
	18.7 Motor Voltage and Transmission-Related Optimization for SEV
		18.7.1 Rolling Resistance
		18.7.2 Aerodynamic Resistance
		18.7.3 Gradient Resistance
		18.7.4 Road Load
		18.7.5 Resistance Summary
		18.7.6 Motor Selection
		18.7.7 Gear Ratio Design
		18.7.8 Effects on Battery Pack
		18.7.9 Weight Analysis for Battery Pack
	18.8 Battery Pack Selection and Optimization for SEV
	18.9 Retro-fitment Versus Purpose Built SEV
		18.9.1 Boundary Conditions
	18.10 Discussion on Road Load Coefficients
		18.10.1 Model Validation
	18.11 Performance Analysis for SEV
		18.11.1 Specifications of Switched Reluctance Motor 15 kW (Patel and Kumar 2017)
		18.11.2 Motor Losses
	18.12 Performance Parametric Evaluation for SEV
	18.13 Conclusion
	References
19 Performance Analysis of 400 kWp Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar PV System for Technical Institute
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 SPV Performance Monitoring Guidelines
	19.3 CEA Grid Code
	19.4 Solar Radiation Data Modeling
	19.5 Site Details and Infrastructure Developed
	19.6 Analysis of Solar PV System and Load Profile of Institute
	19.7 kWh and kVA Billing
	19.8 Maintenance and Audit of Solar PV Panels
	19.9 Net and Gross Metering
	19.10 Life Cycle Cost of RTSPV and Tariff Decision
	19.11 Conclusions
	Annexure I
	References
20 Design, Development, and Simulation Modeling of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Incorporating with BLDC Drive
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Electric Vehicles (EV)
		20.2.1 Types of Electric Vehicle (EV)
		20.2.2 EV Functionality
		20.2.3 Hybrid System Importance
		20.2.4 Hybrid System Components
		20.2.5 System Model Layout
	20.3 Selection of Motor for Electric Vehicle
		20.3.1 Brushed DC Motor
		20.3.2 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PMBLDC)
		20.3.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PM SM)
		20.3.4 Induction Motor (IM)
		20.3.5 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
		20.3.6 BLDC Motor as Most Preferable Option
	20.4 Study System Operation and Performance
		20.4.1 Ultra-Capacitor Operation
		20.4.2 Generator Operation
		20.4.3 Software and Control Logic
		20.4.4 Simulink Subsystem Used in HEV
	20.5 Simulation Results
		20.5.1 Drive Cycle 1
		20.5.2 Drive Cycle 2
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
21 Charging Techniques of Lead–Acid Battery: State of the Art
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Contribution of the Work
		21.1.2 The Flow of the Work
	21.2 Lead–Acid Battery Chemistry and Its Working
	21.3 Charging Techniques
		21.3.1 Constant Current Technique
		21.3.2 Constant Voltage Technique
		21.3.3 Constant Current-Constant Voltage Technique
		21.3.4 Two-Step Current Charging Technique
		21.3.5 Pulse Charge Technique
		21.3.6 Reflex Charge Technique
		21.3.7 Trickle Charging Technique
		21.3.8 Negative Pulse Discharge Technique
		21.3.9 Intermittent Charging Technique
		21.3.10 Interrupted Charge Control
		21.3.11 Superimposed Pulse Frequency Technique
	21.4 Developments in Lead–Acid Battery
		21.4.1 Pure Lead Punching Carbon Technology
		21.4.2 Carbon Negative Electrode
		21.4.3 Enhancement in Carbon
		21.4.4 Carbon Negative Current Collectors
		21.4.5 Additives for Positive Electrodes
		21.4.6 Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrids
		21.4.7 Bipolar Lead–Acid Batteries
		21.4.8 Bipolar Electrodes for Lead–Acid Battery
	21.5 Discussions on Charging Techniques and Developments of Lead–Acid Battery
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
22 A Recursive PID Tuning Approach for the Inherently Unstable System
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Unstable System Model
	22.3 Classical Control Action
		22.3.1 Classical PID Tuning
		22.3.2 System Response with Classical PID Tuning
	22.4 Online Controller Tuning for Unstable System
		22.4.1 Controller Design with SISOTOOL:
		22.4.2 PID Tuning with Signal Constraint Box
		22.4.3 Controller Design with Online PID Tuner
	22.5 Conclusion
	References
23 A Review on Motor and Drive System for Electric Vehicle
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Electric Propulsion System
		23.2.1 Comparison of Electrical Vehicle (EV) with Traditional Vehicle
		23.2.2 Types of Electric Propulsion System
		23.2.3 Factors Affecting Use of Electric Vehicle
		23.2.4 Trait Encouraging Electric Propulsion System
		23.2.5 Advantages of Electric Propulsion System
	23.3 Drive System for Electric Vehicle
		23.3.1 Components of Drive System
		23.3.2 Classification of Drive System
		23.3.3 Microprocessor-Based Drive System for Electric Propulsion System
		23.3.4 Merits of Drive System
		23.3.5 Demerits of Drive System
		23.3.6 Applications of Drive System
	23.4 Loss Minimization Technique for Electric Vehicle
		23.4.1 Selection of Motor
		23.4.2 Control Strategy for Induction Motor Drives
		23.4.3 Classification of Loss Minimization Techniques (LMT)
		23.4.4 Scalar Controller for IM Drives
		23.4.5 Vector Controller for IM Drives
		23.4.6 Direct Torque Controller for IM Drives
		23.4.7 Indirect Field-Oriented Controller for IM Drives
	23.5 Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicle
		23.5.1 Comparison of Electric Vehicle with Other Technologies
		23.5.2 Opportunities of Business Expansion
		23.5.3 Challenges to Overcome in Electric Vehicle
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24 Control Architectures for Low Voltage DC (LVDC) Microgrid
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Low Voltage DC (LVDC)
	24.3 DC MG Control Techniques
		24.3.1 Primary and Secondary Control of DC MG
		24.3.2 Primary and Secondary Control of DC MG
		24.3.3 Decentralized Control for LVDC
		24.3.4 Droop-Controller for DC Microgrid
		24.3.5 Cybernetic Resistance-Based Droop Control
		24.3.6 Distributed Control for LVDC
	24.4 DC MG Utilization, Stability Issues, and Challenges
		24.4.1 RESs and ESS Utilization
		24.4.2 Microgrid Protection and Control
		24.4.3 Microgrid Protection and Control
		24.4.4 Stability Issues of DC Microgrid
		24.4.5 Challenges of DC Microgrid
	24.5 Conclusion
	References
25 Multilevel Planning for Smart Charging Scheduling for On-Road Electric Vehicles Considering Seasonal Uncertainties
	25.1 Introduction
		25.1.1 Grid’s Perspective
		25.1.2 User’s Perspective
		25.1.3 Investor’s Perspective
		25.1.4 Related Literatures and Major Contributions
	25.2 State of the Art of the Problem
	25.3 Problem Formulation
		25.3.1 First Level (Optimal Placement of EVCS)
		25.3.2 Second Level (Optimal Charging Scheduling)
	25.4 State of the Art for Modeling Uncertainty
		25.4.1 2m PEM (2m Point Estimation Method)
	25.5 Solution Strategy of “The Multilevel Planning for Charging Scheduling”
		25.5.1 Level 1: Solution Strategy for Selection of Appropriate Charging Station
		25.5.2 Second Level: Henry’s Gas Solubility Optimization:
	25.6 Case Studies and Input Data
		25.6.1 Input Data
		25.6.2 Type of EVs
		25.6.3 Seasonal Real-Time Pricing (Seasonal RTP)
	25.7 Execution of Work, Results, and Discussion
		25.7.1 Executing Multilevel Algorithm
		25.7.2 Discussions
	25.8 Conclusions
	References
26 Layout Optimization Planning of Hybrid Offshore Wind-Solar PV Power Plants
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Brief History Associated with Wind and Solar PV Power Plants
	26.3 Recent Development and Potential of Wind and Solar Power at Off Shore Locations
	26.4 Studies Related to Hybrid Offshore Wind-Solar PV Plants
	26.5 Problem Description and Overall Proposed Approach
		26.5.1 Requirements for the Optimum Configuration of Offshore Hybrid Wind-Solar PV Power Plants
		26.5.2 The Complete Process
	26.6 Accessing Meteorological Data
	26.7 Modeling of Wind Energy System
		26.7.1 Mathematical Modeling of Wake Effect
		26.7.2 Inclusion of Wind Direction
	26.8 Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
		26.8.1 Importance of Layout Optimization
		26.8.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
		26.8.3 Implementation of PSO for WF Layout Optimization
		26.8.4 Calculation of Objective Function for the Optimization
	26.9 Mathematical Modeling of Solar PV System
		26.9.1 Mathematical Modeling of Tower Shadow Effect on Solar PV Panels
		26.9.2 Calculation of Shadow
	26.10 Application of the Methodology for a Practical Site and Observations
		26.10.1 Wind Farm Optimization Using PSO
		26.10.2 Shadow Analysis
	26.11 Conclusions
	References
27 Analysis of Acoustic Noise and Vibration of PMSM Coupled with DC Generator for Electric Vehicle Applications
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Sources of Acoustic Noise and Vibration of PM Based Electric Drive
	27.3 Control Strategy and Operation Characteristics of PM Based Electric Drive
	27.4 Small-Scale Experimental Setup of PMSM Coupled with DC Generator
	27.5 Generalized Framework of Dynamic Response of Torsional Vibration in PMSM Drive Coupled with Load DC Generator
	27.6 Experimental Validation of Simulation Results and Finding of Results
	27.7 Acoustic Noise and Vibration Reduction Techniques
	27.8 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
28 Integration of Renewable Sources and Energy Storage Devices
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Overview of Solar, Wind, Energy Storage System and Power Electronic Interfaces
		28.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic System
		28.2.2 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)
		28.2.3 Energy Storage System
		28.2.4 Power Electronic Interfaces
	28.3 Hybrid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
		28.3.1 Case-I: Hybrid Integration of Solar PV, PMSG, and BESS
		28.3.2 Case-II: Hybrid Integration of Solar PV, DFIG, and BESS
		28.3.3 Case-III: Hybrid Integration of Solar PV, DFIG, BESS, and SMES
		28.3.4 Comparison Between Different Configurations
	28.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
29 Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicles Charging Station in Distribution Network Beside DG Using TSO
	29.1 Introduction
		29.1.1 Overview
		29.1.2 Previous Work
	29.2 EVCS
	29.3 Objectives
		29.3.1 Total Active Power Loss (TAPL)
	29.4 Constraints
		29.4.1 Equality Constraints
		29.4.2 Inequality Constraints
	29.5 Optimization Techniques
		29.5.1 Chicken Swarm Optimization (Deb et al. 2020)
		29.5.2 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm (Vadhera 2020)
		29.5.3 Harris Hawks Optimizer (Selim et al. 2020)
		29.5.4 Genetic Algorithm (Bohre et al. 2016)
		29.5.5 Particle Swarm Optimization (Pandey and Bhadoriya 2014)
		29.5.6 Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (Rao et al. 2020)
		29.5.7 Rao Algorithm (Rao 2020)
		29.5.8 Transient Search Optimization (TSO) (Bhadoriya and Gupta 2021)
	29.6 Results and Discussion
		29.6.1 Single Objective
	29.7 Conclusion
	References
30 Solar Power Charging of Electric Vehicle Along with the Implementation of Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) Technology
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 System Configuration
		30.2.1 System Components
		30.2.2 Implementation in MATLAB/SIMULINK
		30.2.3 Results
	30.3 Limitations
		30.3.1 Challenges Faced by V2G Concept
		30.3.2 Challenges Faced by S2V Concept
	30.4 Conclusion
	References
31 Harmonic Reduction for Smart Distribution Network with D-STATCOM and DG Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
	31.1 Introduction
		31.1.1 Contribution of Research Work
	31.2 Mathematical Model for HPF with DG and D-STATCOM
		31.2.1 Forward Sweep Process
		31.2.2 Backward Sweep Process
		31.2.3 Objective Function
		31.2.4 Operational Constraints
	31.3 Result Analysis and Discussions
		31.3.1 Analysis of IEEE 33-Bus DS
		31.3.2 Analysis of IEEE-69 Bus DS
	31.4 Conclusions
	References
32 Enhanced Loadability and Inapt Locations Investigation in the Renewable Energy Resource Enriched Power System
	32.1 Introduction
		32.1.1 Outline of the Work
		32.1.2 Flow of Work
	32.2 Overview
		32.2.1 Definitions
	32.3 Performance Indices
	32.4 Multiple Indexed Performance Evaluation (MIPE) Function
	32.5 Studies Performed
		32.5.1 Examination of Various Indices
		32.5.2 Investigation of Optimal Access Location for DG by Using MIPEF and Comparison of the Obtained Results with Load Flow Analysis Method
	32.6 System Loadability
		32.6.1 Enhanced Loadability
		32.6.2 Studies Performed
		32.6.3 Enhanced Loadability Investigated After DG Placed at Optimal Parameters Suggested by Load Flow Analysis Method
		32.6.4 Investigation Optimal Design of DG Recommended by MIPE Approach and Examination of Impact of Load Models
	32.7 Inapt Locations
		32.7.1 Prominence of Inapt Locations
		32.7.2 Results and Analysis
		32.7.3 Investigation of Inapt Locations by Using Performance Evaluation Indices
	32.8 Conclusion
	References
33 Analysis of Mesh Distribution Systems with Multiple Wind Turbine and Multiple D-STATCOM Allocation Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Problem Formulation
		33.2.1 Load Flow Analysis
		33.2.2 Objective Function
		33.2.3 Wind Turbine Modeling
		33.2.4 D-STATCOM
		33.2.5 Cost Analysis
	33.3 Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm
	33.4 Results and Discussions
	33.5 Conclusions
	References
34 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generation Systems
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Methods
		34.2.1 Electricity and Electrical Power Generation
		34.2.2 History of MHD Power Generation
		34.2.3 MHD Power Generation Principle
		34.2.4 MHD Generator Components
		34.2.5 MHD Generator Classifications
	34.3 Advantages and Limitations of MHD Systems
	34.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
35 Recent Advancement in Battery Energy Storage System for Launch Vehicle
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Storage Type
	35.3 Batteries Chemistry Type
		35.3.1 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery
		35.3.2 Lead–Acid (PbA) Battery
		35.3.3 Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) Battery
		35.3.4 Nickel–Metal Hydride (Ni–MH) Battery
		35.3.5 Sodium–Sulfur (Na–S) Battery
		35.3.6 Silver Zinc Battery
		35.3.7 Redox Flow Battery (RFB)
	35.4 Fuel Cell
	35.5 UltraCapacitor
	35.6 FlyWheels
	35.7 Compress Air Energy Storage
	35.8 Conclusion
	35.9 Future Scope
	References
36 Policies and Prospects to Promote Microgrids for Rural Electrification in Present Indian Scenario: A Comprehensive Review
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 MG’s Scenario in the World
		36.2.1 MG Market Challenges
		36.2.2 The Need for Reducing Carbon Footprints:
		36.2.3 Industrialization and Population Growth
	36.3 MG’s Market Trends
		36.3.1 MG’s Scenario in India and Its Economics
	36.4 Government Schemes
		36.4.1 “24 × 7 Power for All”
		36.4.2 Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana— “Saubhagya”
		36.4.3 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)
		36.4.4 National Electricity Fund (NEF)
		36.4.5 Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (Uday)
	36.5 Different Policies on MGs
		36.5.1 Rural Energy Service Providers (RESPs)
		36.5.2 MG’s Strategies for Rural Electrification
	36.6 Challenges in the Deployment of MG in Rural India
		36.6.1 Absence of Promotion Strategies
		36.6.2 Lack of Synchronization, Coordination, and Delays in Policies
		36.6.3 State-Wise Different Regulatory Framework
		36.6.4 Uncertainty Around Tariff, Penalties, and Incentives
		36.6.5 Government Plans About Grid Extension
		36.6.6 Limited Practical-Based Research, Innovation, and Development
		36.6.7 Majority Dependence on Conventional Energy Source and Subsidized Kerosene
		36.6.8 Technological Barricade
		36.6.9 Environmental, Land Acquisition, and Installation Problem
	36.7 Future Directions Need to be Taken in Order to Mitigate Challenges
		36.7.1 Awareness, Education, and Training Mechanism
		36.7.2 Market-Based Technology, Innovation, and Research
		36.7.3 Financing the Renewable Sector
		36.7.4 Policy and Regulation Advancements
	36.8 Conclusion
	36.9 Future Scope
	References
37 Challenges and Issues in Solar PV Development in India
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Renewable Energy Resources
	37.3 Current PV Scenario
		37.3.1 Global PV Scenario
		37.3.2 Indian PV Scenario
	37.4 Motivational Policies of Government of India
	37.5 Solar Resource (Sukhatme and Nayak 2010)
	37.6 Solar Performance Indicators
	37.7 Solar Mission Achievement
	37.8 Solar Operation Challenges
	37.9 Case Studies and Analysis
		37.9.1 Solar Home Lighting System (SHLS)
	37.10 Conclusion
	References