Plankton of inland waters : a derivative of Encyclopedia of inland waters

Plankton of Inland Waters......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Editor......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
References Cited/Further Reading......Page 12
Introduction: Archaea the Unseen Third Domain of Life......Page 14
Salt Lakes......Page 15
Rivers and Estuaries......Page 16
Stratified lakes......Page 18
High-altitude and polar lakes......Page 22
The Knowable Functional Roles......Page 23
Glossary......Page 27
Relevant Websites......Page 28
Different Microhabitats for Attached Bacteria in Inland Waters......Page 29
Adhesion of Bacteria to Surfaces, Biofilm Formation, and Structure......Page 31
Composition and Community Structure of Attached Bacteria......Page 33
Control of Attached Bacteria......Page 35
Bacteria on Freshwater Organic Aggregates......Page 36
Bacteria in Freshwater Biofilms......Page 37
Glossary......Page 38
Relevant Websites......Page 39
Bacterial Numbers and Biomass......Page 40
Metabolically Active Bacterioplankton......Page 41
Bacterial Production......Page 43
Decomposition......Page 45
Effect of Environmental Perturbations on Bacterioplankton......Page 46
Further Reading......Page 47
Proteobacteria......Page 48
Actinobacteria......Page 51
Temporal Variation in Bacterial Communities......Page 52
Spatial Variation in Bacterial Communities......Page 53
Predation by Cladocerans......Page 54
Summary......Page 55
Glossary......Page 56
Further Reading......Page 57
Fungal Diversity in Fresh Waters......Page 58
Fungal Biomass, Production, and Reproduction......Page 59
Fungal Role in Decomposition of Submerged Organic Matter and Their Importance at the Ecosystem Scale......Page 62
Factors Affecting Fungal Activity and Microbially Driven Plant Litter Decomposition in Lotic Ecosystems......Page 63
Fungal Biomass and Production......Page 64
Factors Affecting Fungal Activity and Microbially Driven Plant Litter Decomposition in Marsh Ecosystems......Page 65
Further Reading......Page 67
Relevant Websites......Page 68
Flagellates......Page 69
Amoeboid Protists......Page 70
Ciliates......Page 72
Reproduction and Population Growth......Page 73
In the Benthos......Page 74
Food Webs and Protists......Page 75
Further Reading......Page 76
Relevant Websites......Page 77
Dissimilatory Metabolism in Sulfur Bacteria......Page 78
Chemotrophic sulfur oxidation......Page 79
Sulfate and sulfur reduction......Page 80
Chemocline and hypolimnia of stratified lakes......Page 81
Saline and coastal lakes......Page 84
Purple sulfur bacteria (PSB)......Page 85
Green sulfur bacteria (GSB)......Page 90
Colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria......Page 92
Sulfate- and sulfur-reducers......Page 93
Further Reading......Page 94
Relevant Websites......Page 95
Enumeration of Viruses in Aquatic Samples......Page 96
Virioplankton Abundance in Inland Waters......Page 97
Viral Production, Host Infection, and Mortality......Page 104
Viral Diversity......Page 107
Impact on the Environment; Conclusions......Page 108
Further Reading......Page 110
Relevant Websites......Page 111
Recent Status in the Systematics of Algae......Page 112
Division Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria, Cyanoprokaryota), Prochlorophyta......Page 113
Division Heterokontophyta......Page 114
Class Raphidophyceae......Page 115
Division Chlorophyta......Page 116
Class Charophyceae (stoneworts)......Page 117
Polyphyletic Origin of Eukaryotic Picoplankton and Consequences for the Food Web......Page 118
Phenotype versus Genotype in Chlorellaceae in Reflection of Ecosystem Conditions......Page 120
Further Reading......Page 121
Relevant Websites......Page 122
Water, River Courses......Page 123
Dispersal Distances......Page 124
Subcosmopolitan Taxa......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 126
Factors Affecting Algae in Rivers......Page 128
Resources......Page 129
Stressors......Page 131
Local Biotic Factors......Page 132
Habitat-Scale Factors......Page 133
Reach to Regional Scale Factors......Page 134
Summary......Page 135
Further Reading......Page 136
Occurrence......Page 137
Environmental Factors......Page 139
Chrysophytes as Indicators in Paleoecology......Page 140
Biogeography of Chrysophytes......Page 141
Chrysophyte Distribution......Page 142
Further Reading......Page 143
Morphological Forms......Page 144
Habitats......Page 147
Extreme Environments......Page 148
The Photosynthetic Apparatus......Page 149
Heterocyte......Page 150
Assimilation of Trace Metals......Page 151
Bloom Formation......Page 152
Prospects for the Future......Page 153
Relevant Websites......Page 154
Cellular Characteristics......Page 155
Ecophysiology......Page 156
Mat-Forming Species......Page 158
Bloom-Forming Species......Page 159
Other Ecological Groups......Page 160
Further Reading......Page 161
The Diatom Cell and its Taxonomical Entity......Page 162
The Biology of the Diatoms......Page 163
Diatom Distribution in Inland Waters......Page 166
Using Diatom Communities in Environmental Assessment......Page 167
Further Reading......Page 169
The Benthos......Page 170
The Plankton......Page 173
Further Reading......Page 177
Dinophyta......Page 178
Cryptophyta......Page 181
Euglenophyta......Page 183
Haptophyta......Page 184
Xanthophyceae......Page 185
Raphidophyceae......Page 186
Relevant Websites......Page 187
Taxonomic Composition and Morphological Structure......Page 188
Colonization and Detachment Process......Page 190
Periphyton Biomass and Productivity......Page 191
Role of Periphyton in the Aquatic Food Web......Page 193
Application of Periphyton......Page 194
Further Reading......Page 195
Morphology......Page 196
Classification......Page 197
Reproduction......Page 198
Parasitism......Page 200
Sampling......Page 201
Culturing......Page 202
Community Structure......Page 203
Population Dynamics......Page 204
Competition......Page 205
Predator-Prey Interactions......Page 206
Glossary......Page 207
Further Reading......Page 209
Glossary......Page 210
Roles in Food Webs......Page 211
Body Size and Molting......Page 212
Carapace, Helmet, and Tailspine......Page 213
Feeding and Digestion......Page 214
Reproduction, Development, and the Life Cycle......Page 216
Biogeographic Patterns......Page 218
Exotic Species and Links to Humans......Page 220
Glossary......Page 221
Relevant Websites......Page 222
External Morphology and Behavior of Copepods......Page 223
Internal Anatomy and Sensory Organs in Copepods......Page 226
Reproduction and Life History of Copepods......Page 227
Ecology of Copepods......Page 229
Relevance of Copepods to Humans and Infectious Diseases......Page 231
Further Reading......Page 232
Other Zooplankton......Page 233
Dreissena Veligers......Page 237
Glossary......Page 241
Proximate and Ultimate Factors of Cyclomorphosis......Page 244
Inducible Defenses......Page 245
Genetic Polymorphisms and Local Adaptations......Page 247
The Nature of the Cue......Page 248
Genetic and Cellular Processes of Phenotypic Changes......Page 249
Ecological Consequences of Inducible Defenses......Page 250
Relevant Website......Page 251
DVM in its Various Forms......Page 252
Causes of DVM......Page 253
Ultimate Factors......Page 254
Costs......Page 256
Linking Proximate and Ultimate Factors in DVM......Page 257
DVM in Fish......Page 258
Further Reading......Page 259
Dormancy and Diapause Defined......Page 260
Temporal Migration, Temporal Dispersal, and Temporal Bet-Hedging......Page 261
Number Versus Depth......Page 263
Evidence of Lake Recolonization from the Egg Bank......Page 264
The Role of Egg Banks and the Storage Effect in the Maintenance of Lake Biodiversity......Page 265
Egg Banks as Historical Archives......Page 266
Further Reading......Page 267
Competition by Superiority in Resource Acquisition and by Interference......Page 268
Predation: Selective and General Predators......Page 271
Trading Growth for Safety: An Individual's Perspective......Page 274
Disparity of Competition and Predation: Population Density and Population Growth......Page 275
Food Limitation and Predation in Structuring Zooplankton Communities......Page 276
Further Reading......Page 277
Introduction......Page 278
Electromagnetic Energy......Page 279
Carbon......Page 280
Sulfur......Page 281
Conclusions......Page 282
Further Reading......Page 283
Carbon Fixation Pathways......Page 284
Energetics of Chemosynthesis......Page 285
Ammonium and Nitrite Oxidizers......Page 286
Methylotrophs and Methanotrophs......Page 287
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chemosynthesis in Aquatic Environments......Page 291
Chemosynthesis and Carbon Cycling......Page 293
Knowledge Needs......Page 295
Glossary......Page 297
Further Reading......Page 298
Introduction......Page 299
Measuring Growth Rates......Page 300
Growth Performance in Culture......Page 301
Growth Performance in Natural Environments......Page 302
Further Reading......Page 303
Light Limitation of Growth Rate......Page 305
Nutrient Limitation of Growth Rate......Page 307
Carbon Limitation......Page 309
Further Reading......Page 310
The O2-Technique......Page 312
Fluorescence Techniques......Page 313
Light Harvesting......Page 314
Response of Phytoplankton Productivity to Environmental Variability......Page 315
Productivity in the 'Real' World......Page 317
Assessment of Primary Production at the.Global Scale......Page 319
Further Reading......Page 320
Benthic Algae......Page 321
Rivers......Page 323
Estimation of Total Lake Production......Page 325
Reservoirs......Page 326
Comparison to Other Ecosystems......Page 327
Further Reading......Page 328
Basics of Eutrophication......Page 329
Changes in Primary Producers......Page 330
Changes in Consumers......Page 331
Oligotrophication......Page 333
Case Study 1......Page 334
Case Study 2......Page 335
Further Reading......Page 336
Relevant Websites......Page 337
Copepoda......Page 338
Modes of Feeding......Page 339
Functional Response......Page 340
Lakes are Grazing Dominated Ecosystems......Page 341
Clear Water Phases......Page 342
Complex Interactions: Nutrient Recycling by Zooplankton......Page 343
Zooplankton Sustaining Higher Trophic Levels......Page 345
Top-Down Control......Page 347
Further Reading......Page 348
Protistan Predators......Page 349
Parasitism......Page 350
From Communities to Populations......Page 351
Particle Uptake Selectivity......Page 352
Grazing-Resistant Bacteria......Page 353
Bacterial Growth Strategies......Page 354
Limits of Predictability in Aquatic Microbial Food Webs......Page 355
Further Reading......Page 356
Trophic Levels and Trophic Positions......Page 357
Use of Trophic Guilds to Analyze the Trophic Structure of Food Webs......Page 358
Trophic Transfer Efficiency......Page 359
Food Quality and Quantity......Page 360
Transfer Efficiency along the Size Gradient in Pelagic Food Webs......Page 361
Glossary......Page 362
Cyanobacteria......Page 363
The ‘Golden Alga’ Prymnesium parvum, a Toxic Haptophyte......Page 370
Cladophora......Page 375
Other Filamentous Chlorophytes......Page 377
Mat-Forming Cyanobacteria and a Noxious Diatom......Page 378
‘Taste-and-Odor’ Algae......Page 380
Control Measures, Economics, and Prognosis......Page 381
Glossary......Page 382
Further Reading......Page 383
Subject Index......Page 384