Pilot Protective Relaying

Content: Cover
 Half Title
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Table of Contets
 Preace
 Biographical Sketches
 1: Communication Fundamentáis
 1. Introduction
 2. Basic Equation
 3. On-Off Signaling
 4. Frequency Shift Keying
 5. Pulse-Period Modulation
 6. Phase Modulation
 6.1 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 7. Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation
 7.1 General Comments
 2: Current Differential Relaying
 1. Introduction
 2. Pilot Wire Relaying
 2.1 HCB Filter
 2.2 HCB-1 Filter
 3. Pilot Wire Protection
 4. Current Differential Relaying
 4.1 FCB
 4.2 Microprocessor Implementation
 4.3 T1 Carrier 5. Pilot Wire Supervision6. Three-Terminal Applications
 7. Summary
 3: Pilot Channels for Protective Relaying
 1. Introduction
 2. Types of Channels
 3. Choice of Channels
 4. Power Line Carrier
 4.1 Modal Considerations
 4.2 Typical Loss Profile
 4.3 Use of Hybrids
 4.4 Coaxial Cable
 4.5 Tuners
 4.6 Noise
 5. Audio Tones
 6. Microwave
 6.1 Basic Microwave Configuration
 6.2 Microwave Reflection
 6.3 Multiplexing
 7. Fiber-Optics
 8. Pilot Wires
 9. Additional Information
 References
 4: Transmission Line Pilot Relaying
 1. Introduction
 2. Basic Pilot-Relaying Systems in Use 3. Phase-Comparison Relaying3.1 On-Off Channel
 3.2 Frequency-Shift Channel
 3.3 Segregated-Phase Comparison
 3.4 Evaluation of Phase-Comparison Systems
 4. Current Differential Relaying
 5. Directional-Comparison Relaying
 5.1 Blocking Scheme
 5.2 Transfer-Trip-Relaying
 5.3 Other Systems
 6. Problem Areas
 6.1 Zero-Sequence Mutual
 6.2 Current Transformer Saturation
 6.3 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Transients
 6.4 Channel Problems
 6.5 Power System Swings
 6.6 Three Terminal Lines
 6.7 Evolving Faults
 6.8 Stub Bus Faults
 6.9 Large Load and Limited Fault Current
 7. Table 4-1 5: Three-Terminal Line Protection1. Introduction
 2. Types of Terminals
 2.1 The Transformer Connection
 2.2 Transformer Grounding
 2.3 Generation at the Tap
 2.4 Load at the Tap
 2.5 Outfeed
 3. Criteria for Relaying
 4. Influence of the Load at the Tap
 5. Three-Terminal Relaying
 5.1 Nonpilot Schemes
 5.2 Pilot Schemes
 6. Conclusions
 6: Program Design for Microprocessor Reiays
 1. Introduction
 2. Orthogonal Signals
 2.1 Orthogonal Signals in Distance Relays
 2.2 Orthogonal Filter Pairs
 3. Implicit (Torque-Like) Relay Algorithms
 3.1 Phase Comparator, Magnitude Comparator, and Torque 3.2 Torque in Distance Units3.3 Torque Computations
 3.4 Post-filters
 4. Explicit (Impedance) Relay Algorithms
 5. Symmetrical Component Filters
 5.1 Phase Shift by Time-Delaying
 5.2 Phase Shift by Orthogonal Signals
 5.3 Two-Sample Phase Shifter
 6. Summary
 7: Series-Compensated Line Protection Phiiosophies
 1. Introduction
 2. Background
 3. Relaying Quantities Under Fault Conditions
 3.1 Series Compensation
 3.2 Negative Reactance Effect
 3.3 Voltage Reversal
 3.4 Zero Voltage Point
 3.5 Current Direction
 3.6 Speed of Transition
 4. Distance Protection