Pierson and Fairchild's Principles & Techniques of Patient Care

Front cover
Evolve page
Pierson and Fairchild\'s Principles & Techniques of Patient Care
Copyright page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Preparation for Patient Care Activities
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Interprofessional Collaboration
	Professional Collaboration
	Orientation
	Awareness of Cultural Diversity
	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
	Advance Health Care Directives
	Informed Consent
	Principles of Documentation
		Problem-Oriented Medical Record Description
			Entry Corrections
			Rationale
	Principles of Patient Management
		Differential Diagnosis
		Components of a Differential Diagnosis
		Evidence-Based Practice
	Principles of Patient Examination and Evaluation
	Patient and Family Education
	Communication
		Communicating with a Person  with an Impairment
	Safety Considerations
		Hospital Emergency Codes
		Medical Errors
			Types of Errors
			Medication Errors
			Preventing Medical Errors
			Medical Errors in Allied Health Fields
		The Joint Commission Standards
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter  2 Approaches to Infection Control
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Principles and Concepts
		Microorganisms and the Infection Cycle
		Aseptic Technique
			Medical Asepsis
			Surgical Asepsis
	Infection Control
		Hand Hygiene
			Hand Rubbing
			Handwashing
		Isolation Precautions
		The Sterile Field
	Protective Garments
		Gloves
		Gowns
		Masks
		Protective Eyewear
		Application of Protective Garments
			Closed-Glove Technique for Asepsis
			Open-Glove Technique for Asepsis
		Removal of Contaminated  Protective Garments
	Disposal of Instruments  and Clothing
		Sterilization
		Disinfection
	Decontamination
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter  3 Assessment of Vital Signs
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Body Temperature
		Assessment of Body Temperature
			Ear Thermometer
			Oral Thermometer
	Pulse
		Assessment of Pulse
		Pulse Oximetry
	Blood Pressure
		Assessment of Blood Pressure
	Respiration (Pulmonary Ventilation)
		Assessment of Respiration
			Pulmonary Auscultation
	Pain
		Assessment of Pain
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 4 Body Mechanics
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Principles and Concepts of Proper Body Mechanics
	Lifting Principles and Techniques
		Lift Techniques
			Deep Squat Lift
			Power Lift
			Straight Leg Lift
			One-Leg Stance Lift (“Golfer’s Lift”)
			Half-Kneeling Lift
			Traditional Lift
			Stoop Lift
	Pushing, Pulling, Reaching,  and Carrying
	Posture and Body Control
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 5 Positioning and Draping
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Principles and Concepts
	Positioning
		Restraints
		Supine Position
		Prone Position
		Side-Lying Position
		Sitting Position
		Positioning Summary
	Preventive Positioning
		Transfemoral Amputation
		Transtibial Amputation
		Hemiplegia
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Split-Thickness Burns and Grafted  Burn Areas
		Orthopedic Surgical Conditions
	Draping
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 6 Basic Exercise:
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Cardinal or Anatomic Planes of Motion
	Types of Exercise for Range  of Motion
		Indications for Passive Range of Motion Exercise
		Indications for Active Range of  Motion Exercise
	Preparation for Application of Passive Range of Motion and Active Range of Motion
	Principles of Passive Range of Motion Exercise
		Traditional Passive Range of Motion Movements
			Upper Extremity Movements
				Traditional Anatomic Planes.
				Elongation of Multijoint Muscles.
			Lower Extremity Movements
				Traditional Anatomic Planes.
				Elongation of Multijoint Muscles.
			Trunk Movements
				Traditional Anatomic Planes.
			Diagonal Patterns for Passive Range of Motion Movements
				Upper Extremity
					Flexion and Extension with the Elbow Extended.
				Lower Extremity
					Flexion and Extension with the Knee Extended.
	Principles of Active Range of Motion Exercise
		Types of Muscle Contraction and Exercise
		Types of Active Exercise
		Isotonic Exercise Application
			Active Assistive Exercise
			Active Free Exercise
			Active Resistive Exercise
		Isometric Exercise Application
			Isometric Exercise
			Isometric Resistive Exercise
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 7 Features and Activities of Wheelchairs
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Wheelchair Seating and Positioning
	Standard Wheelchair Measurements
		Confirmation of Fit
		Potential Adverse Effects of an Improper Fit
			Seat Height
			Leg Length
			Seat Depth
			Seat Width
			Back Height
			Armrest Height
	Patient and Family Education
	Wheelchair Components  and Features
		Armrests
			Fixed Armrests
			Removable or Reversible Armrests
			Desk or Cutout Armrests
			Adjustable Armrests
		Wheels and Tires
			Caster Wheels
			Drive or Rear Wheels
			One-Arm-Drive Chair
		Wheel Locks
			Toggle Lock
			Z or Scissors Lock
			Auxiliary Lock for a Reclining Back Chair
			Caster Locks
		Front Rigging, Leg Rest, and Footrest Components
			Fixed Footrests
			Swing-Away or Removable Leg Rests
			Elevating Leg Rest
			Footrest
		Body Restraints
			Lap (Waist) Belt
			Chest Belt
		Reclining Wheelchairs
			Semireclining
			Fully Reclining
		Externally Powered Wheelchair
		Sport or Recreational Wheelchair
		Lightweight or Ultralight Wheelchair
		Folding Wheelchairs
	Functional Activities
		Operation of Wheelchair Components
		Independent Propulsion
			Bilateral Upper Extremities
			One Upper Extremity and One Lower Extremity
			Bilateral Lower Extremities
		Assisted Functional Activities
			Assisted Propulsion on a Level Surface
			Elevation of the Caster Wheels
			Ascending and Descending a Curb
				Ascending a Curb While Facing Forward.
				Ascending a Curb in the Backward Position.
				Descending a Curb in the Backward Position.
				Descending a Curb While Facing Forward.
			Ascending and Descending Stairs
				Ascending Stairs in the Backward Position.
				Descending Stairs While Facing Forward.
			Ascending or Descending a Slope
			Moving Across Rough or Soft Surfaces
			Entering and Exiting Elevators
			Ascending and Descending Escalators
			Entering and Exiting Doors and Doorways
		Independent Functional Activities
			Elevation of the Caster Wheels
			Ascending and Descending Ramps or Inclines
				Ascending an Incline While Facing Forward.
				Descending an Incline While Facing Forward.
				Ascending an Incline in the Backward Position.
			Ascending and Descending Curbs
				Ascending a Curb While Facing Forward.
				Descending a Curb While Facing Forward.
				Descending a Curb in the Backward Position.
			Ascending and Descending Curb Cutouts
				Ascending a Curb Cutout While Facing Forward.
				Descending a Curb Cutout While Facing Forward.
				Descending a Curb Cutout in the Backward Position.
			Ascending and Descending Stairs
				Descending Stairs While Facing Forward.
			Entering and Exiting Doors and Doorways
				A Self-Closing Door Opening Outward.
				A Self-Closing Door Opening Inward.
				A Regular Door with No Self-Closing Device.
			Entering and Exiting Elevators
			Reaching an Object on the Floor in Front of the Chair
			Falls in the Wheelchair
				Backward Fall.
				Forward Fall.
				Returning to an Upright Sitting Position.
			Moving from the Wheelchair to the Floor and Returning to the Wheelchair
	General Care and Maintenance of A Wheelchair
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 8 Transfer Activities
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Organization of Patient Transfers
		Before the Transfer
		During the Transfer
		Safety Concerns in Transfers
		Conditions Requiring Special Precautions
	Types of Transfers
		Standing, Dependent Pivot
		Standing, Assisted Pivot
		Standing, Standby Pivot
		Standing, Independent Pivot
		Sitting or Lateral Assisted Transfer
		Sitting, Independent Transfer
		Sitting, Dependent Lift
		Recumbent, Dependent Lift
	Mobility Activities
		Dependent or Assisted Mobility Activities
			Side-to-Side Movement, Patient Supine
			Upward Movement, Patient Supine
			Downward Movement, Patient Supine
			Move to a Side-Lying Position, Patient Supine
			Move to a Prone Position, Patient Supine
			Move to a Supine Position, Patient Prone
			Move to a Sitting Position, Patient Supine
				Alternative Method.
			Move to Supine Position, Patient Sitting
		Independent Mobility Activities
			Side-to-Side Movement, Patient Supine
			Upward Movement, Patient Supine
			Downward Movement, Patient Supine
			Move to a Side-Lying Position, Patient Supine
				Alternative Method.
			Move to a Prone Position, Patient Supine
			Move to a Supine Position, Patient Prone
			Move to a Sitting Position, Patient Supine
				Alternative Method.
	Transfer Activities
		Transfers, Wheelchair and Bed
			Independent Standing Transfer
			Standing, Dependent Pivot
			Standing, Assisted Pivot
				Alternative Method.
			Sitting, Assisted
			Sitting, Independent
			Sitting, Dependent
				One-Person Dependent.
				Two-Person Dependent: Chair to Bed.
				Alternative Method.
			Two-Person Dependent: Bed to Chair
				Alternative Method.
				Bariatric Patient.
			Two-Person Dependent: Chair to Floor
			Three-Person Dependent: Bed to Stretcher
		Transfers, Wheelchair and Floor
			Strong Right Extremities and Weak Left  Extremities (Hemiplegia)
				Wheelchair to Floor.
				Floor to Wheelchair.
			Strong Upper Extremities and Weak or Paralyzed Lower Extremities (Paraplegia)
				Wheelchair to Floor Forward or Sideward.
				Alternative Method.
				Floor to Wheelchair Forward Push-up.
				Wheelchair to Floor in a Backward Position.
				Standing Dependent Pivot from a Lift Chair to a Wheelchair.
	Mechanical Equipment
		Manually Operated Lift
		Wheelchair to Bed
		Electrical Lift
	Other Types of Transfers
		Totally Dependent Patient: Stretcher to Bed or Bed to Stretcher
		Patient with a Total Hip Replacement
			Assisted Standing Transfer
			Movement from the Bed to a Walker
			Return to Bed
		Patient with One Non–Weight-Bearing Lower Extremity, Standing Transfer
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 9 Assistive Devices, Patterns, and Activities
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Muscle Activity
	Organization of Ambulation Activities
	Assistive Devices
	Preambulation Devices
		Parallel Bars
			Parallel Bar Method for Measurement of Axillary Crutches
				Alternative Method.
		Tilt Table
		Supported Suspension Ambulatory Aid
	Measurement and Fit of Assistive Devices
		Walkers
		Axillary Crutches
			Length of Crutches
			Handpiece Height
		Forearm Crutches
		Canes
	Confirmation of Fit
	Weight-Bearing Status
	Safety Considerations and Precautions
	Preambulation Functional Activities
		Parallel Bar Activities
			Moving from Sitting to Standing and Returning to a Sitting Position
			Balance and Initial Gait Pattern Activities
		Basic Gait Patterns
			Four-Point Pattern
			Two-Point Pattern
			Modified Four-Point or Two-Point Pattern
			Three-Point/Non–Weight-Bearing Pattern
			Three-One–Point/Partial Weight-Bearing or Modified Three-Point Pattern
		Preambulation Instruction
		Standing and Sitting Activities
			Standing and Sitting with a Walker
				Alternative Methods.
			Standing and Sitting with Axillary Crutches
				Alternative Methods.
			Standing and Sitting with Forearm Crutches
				Alternative Methods.
			Standing and Sitting with a Cane
		Guarding During Gait Training on Curbs, Stairs, and Ramps
			Actions if the Patient Loses Balance or Falls
	Ambulation Functional Activities
		Backward Movement
			Four-Point Pattern
			Two-Point Pattern
			Three-Point Pattern
			Three-One–Point Pattern
		Sideward Movement
		Turning Movement
		Curbs and Stairs
			Ascending a Curb
				Bilateral Canes.
				Unilateral Cane.
				Bilateral Crutches.
					Three-One–Point Pattern.
					Three-Point Pattern.
				Standard Walker.
			Descending a Curb
				Bilateral Canes.
				Unilateral Cane.
				Bilateral Crutches.
					Three-One–Point Pattern.
					Three-Point Pattern.
				Standard Walker.
			Ascending and Descending Stairs Using a Handrail
				Bilateral Canes.
				Unilateral Cane.
				Bilateral Axillary Crutches.
				Standard Walker.
					Ascending.
					Descending.
			Ascending and Descending Stairs Using Axillary Crutches
			Patients with Casts or Knee Immobilizers
				Below-Knee Cast.
				Full-Length Cast or Knee Immobilizer.
		Doors
			Self-Closing Door
			Standard Doors
		Ascending or Descending Ramps,  Inclines, or Hills
		Elevator Access
		Automobile Access
		Transferring to the Floor from Crutches
		Rising from the Floor to Standing
		Falling Techniques
			Falling Backward
			Falling Forward
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 10 Special Equipment and Patient Care Environments
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Orientation to the Special Intensive Care Unit
	Types of Beds
		Standard Adjustable Bed
		Turning Frame (Stryker Wedge Frame)
		Air-Fluidized Support Bed (Clinitron)
		Posttrauma Mobility Beds (Keane, Roto-Rest)
		Low Air Loss Therapy Bed
	Life Support and Monitoring Equipment
		Mechanical Ventilators
		Types of Ventilators
			Volume-Cycled Ventilators
			Pressure-Cycled Ventilators
			Negative Pressure Device
		Modes of Ventilation
			Airway Placement
		Monitors
			Vital Signs Monitor
			Oximeter
			Pulmonary Artery Catheter (Swan-Ganz Catheter)
			Intracranial Pressure Monitor
			Central Venous Pressure Catheter
			Arterial Line (A Line)
			Indwelling Right Atrial Catheter (Hickman)
		Reference Laboratory Values
		Anticoagulation
		Feeding Devices
			Nasogastric Tube
			Gastric Tube
			Intravenous Feeding, Total Parenteral Nutrition, and Hyperalimentation Devices
			Intravenous Infusion Lines
		Urinary Catheters
			Foley Catheter
			External Catheter
			Suprapubic Catheter
		Oxygen Therapy Systems
			Modes of Oxygen Delivery
				Nasal Cannula.
				Oronasal Mask.
				Nasal Catheter.
				Tent.
				Tracheostomy Mask or Catheter.
		Chest Drainage Systems
		Ostomy Devices
		Traction
		Types of Skeletal Traction
			Balanced Suspension Traction
			Skull Traction
			External Fixation
			Internal Fixation
		Patient-Controlled Analgesia
		Dialysis Treatment
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 11 Basic Wound Care and Specialized Interventions
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Wound Management
		Phases of Healing
			Inflammatory Phase
			Proliferative Phase
			Remodeling Phase
		Processes of Healing
		Wound Classification
		Pressure Ulcers
			Causes
			Patient Assessment
			Risk Factors
			Preventive Interventions
			Skin Care
			Wound Classification and Staging
			Wound Assessment
			Wound Care
			Debridement
			Dressings
			Pressure Ulcer Summary
		Peripheral Vascular Conditions
		Dressings and Bandages
			Removal of a Dressing
			Application of a Sterile Dressing
	Girth Measurement
		Volumetric Measurement
	Lymphedema
		Lymphedema Certification
	Compression Garments
		Intermittent Vasopneumatic Compression Devices
	Chest Physical Therapy
	Amputations
		Lower Extremity Amputations
	Taping Strategies
		Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Wrap
		Plantar Fasciitis Wrap
		Kinesiology Taping
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 12 Incidents and Emergencies
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Principles and Concepts
	Emergency Care
	Support Devices
		Bandage Materials
		Types of Bandages
			Triangular
			Cravat
			Ankle Wrap
			Protective Splints, Sleeves, or Slings
	Emergency Care for  Specific Conditions
		Allergic Reactions
		Lacerations
		Shock
		Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension
		Falls
		Fractures
		Burns
		Convulsions/Seizures
		Choking
		Heat-Related Illnesses
			Heat Exhaustion
			Heat Stroke
		Insulin-Related Illnesses
			Insulin Reaction (Hypoglycemia)
			Acidosis (Hyperglycemia)
		Autonomic Hyperreflexia (Dysreflexia)
		Cardiac Arrest/Death
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Chapter 13 Americans with Disabilities  Act and Environmental Assessments
	objectives
	key terms
	Introduction
	Definitions
	General Aspects of the Americans with Disabilities Act
	Compliance and Implementation of Regulations
	Assessing the Environment
		Assessment Process
			Accessible Housing
	Summary
	self-study ACTIVITIES
	problem SOLVING
Bibliography
Appendixes
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W