Phytotechnology with Biomass Production: Sustainable Management of Contaminated Sites

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
1. Introduction
	1.1 Soil Quality
		1.1.1 Soil Contamination
		1.1.2 Types of Contaminants
	1.2 Phytotechnology with Biomass Production
	1.3 Miscanthus
	1.4 Case Studies
	References
2. Phytotechnologies for Site Remediation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Phytotechnologies
	2.3 Phytostabilization of Arable Land Contaminated with Trace Elements
	2.4 Bioenergy Crops and Phytostabilization Options
	2.5 M. × giganteus as an Effective Phytoagent
		2.5.1 Miscanthus Tolerance to Metals and Removal Capacity
		2.5.2 Changes in Soil Parameters Induced by Miscanthus Phytoremediation
	2.6 Miscanthus Phytotechnology in Action
		2.6.1 M. × giganteus Application for Phytoremediation of Trace Elements’ Contaminated Mining Soil, Tekeli, Kazakhstan
		2.6.2 M. × giganteus Application for Phytoremediation of Post-Industrial Soil Contaminated with Trace Elements, Bakar, Croatia
		2.6.3 Field Study Results, Fort Riley, Kansas, USA
	2.7 Conclusions
	References
3. Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Organic Compounds
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Types of Organic Contaminants
		3.2.1 Remediation of Petroleum Contaminants
		3.2.2 Remediation of Explosives
		3.2.3 Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
		3.2.4 Remediation of Pesticides
	3.3 Landfills and Containment
	3.4 Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants with Miscanthus
	References
4. Phytomining Applied for Postmining Sites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Advantages and Limitations of Phytomining
	4.3 Field Experiments on Phytomining
	4.4 Agronomic Practices
	4.5 Economic Viability and Environmental Considerations
	4.6 Options for Commercial Application of Phytomining
	4.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
5. Establishing Miscanthus, Production of Biomass, and Application to Contaminated Sites
	5.1 Plant Selection and Breeding
	5.2 Plant Establishment
		5.2.1 Weight
		5.2.2 Water
		5.2.3 Weeds
		5.2.4 Weather
	5.3 Site Characterization
	5.4 Plant Nutrition and Supplementation
	5.5 Role of Soil Amendments
		5.5.1 Impact of Soil Amendments on the Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Organic Substances
		5.5.2 Impact of Soil Amendments on Miscanthus Production in Postmilitary Soil
		5.5.3 Impact of Soil Amendments on Miscanthus Biomass Production in Contaminated Postmining Soil
	5.6 Geography and Soil Types
	5.7 Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Production of M. × giganteus
		5.7.1 Lab Research on Impact of PGRs on Phytoremediation with Biomass Production Using Soils from Military Sites Contaminated with Trace Elements
		5.7.2 Field Research on Impact of PGRs on Biomass Parameters of M. × giganteus during Field Production on the Marginal and Slightly Contaminated Lands
	References
6. Balancing Soil Health and Biomass Production
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Properties of Soils
	6.3 Soil Quality
	6.4 Soil Health Affects Human Health
	6.5 Improving Soil Health Using Phytotechnology
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
7. Plant–Microbe Associations in Phytoremediation
	7.1 Role of Plant–Microbe Association in Phytoremediation
		7.1.1 Endophytic Bacteria
		7.1.2 Rhizobacteria
	7.2 Impact of PGPB Isolated from Contaminated Soil to Phytoremediation with Miscanthus
	7.3 Influence of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Miscanthus Rhizosphere to Phytoremediation of Trace Elements Contaminated Soil
	7.4 Changing of Soil Microbial Communities during Miscanthus Production at the Contaminated Military Land
	References
8. Plant Feeding Insects and Nematodes Associated with Miscanthus
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Plant Feeding Insects with Piercing-Sucking Mouth Parts
		8.2.1 Miscanthus Mealybug
			8.2.1.1 Identification
			8.2.1.2 Life Cycle
			8.2.1.3 Damage
		8.2.2 Aphids
			8.2.2.1 Identification
			8.2.2.2 Life Cycle
			8.2.2.3 Damage
			8.2.2.4 Identification
			8.2.2.5 Life Cycle
			8.2.2.6 Damage
	8.3 Plant Feeding Insects with Chewing Mouth Parts
		8.3.1 Generalist Coleoptera
			8.3.1.1 Identification
			8.3.1.2 Life Cycle
			8.3.1.3 Damage
		8.3.2 Generalist Lepidoptera
			8.3.2.1 Identification
			8.3.2.2 Life Cycle
			8.3.2.3 Damage
		8.3.3 Generalist Coleopteran
			8.3.3.1 Identification
			8.3.3.2 Life Cycle
			8.3.3.3 Damage
	8.4 Plant Feeding Nematodes Associate with M. × giganteus
		8.4.1 PPNs − Potential Vector of Plant Viruses
		8.4.2 Ecto-, Endoparasites, and Hyphal/Root Feeders
		8.4.3 The Indication of M. × giganteus Plantation State with Plant-Feeding Nematodes
	References
9. Economics of Phytoremediation with Biomass Production
	9.1 Introduction to Phytoremediation with Biomass Production
	9.2 Sustainable Approach
	9.3 Benefits of Remediation
	9.4 Motivation for Action
	9.5 Economics of Phytoremediation
	9.6 Economics of Biomass Production
	9.7 Bioeconomy of Miscanthus in Europe
	9.8 Conclusions
	References
10. Miscanthus Biomass for Alternative Energy Production
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Evaluation of Biomass Suitability for Energy
	10.3 Bioethanol Production
		10.3.1 Physicochemical Pretreatment
		10.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation
	10.4 Biomethane and Biohydrogen Production
	10.5 Thermochemical Conversion
		10.5.1 Heat and Power Generation
		10.5.2 Bio-Oil and Syngas Production
	References
11. Miscanthus as Raw Materials for Bio-based Products
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Material Products
		11.2.1 Agricultural Products
			11.2.1.1 Bedding Applications
			11.2.1.2 Mulch Applications
		11.2.2 Insulation
		11.2.3 Composites, Building Materials, Cement
		11.2.4 Composite Materials
		11.2.5 Hemicelluloses
	11.3 Processing of Miscanthus to Fibers, Pulp, and Papers
	11.4 Production of Pulp from M. × giganteus Biomass Produced on Pb-Contaminated Soil
	References
12. Conclusions and Recommendations
	12.1 Conclusions
	12.2 Recommendations
	References
Index