Phytoremediation Potential of Perennial Grasses

1 - Perennial grasses in phytoremediation—challenges and opportunities
	1 - Introduction to phytoremediation
	2 - Perennial grass genetic resources: what can they contribute toward phytoremediation?
		2.1 - As a phytoremediator
		2.2 - Ornamental grasses in park
	3 - Importance of perennial grasses
		3.1 - Ecological aspects
			3.1.1 - Restoration
			3.1.2 - Phytoremediation
			3.1.3 Climate change mitigation
			3.1.4 - Biodiversity conservation
			3.1.5 Wild life shelter
			3.1.6 Soil erosion control
			3.1.7 Carbon sequestration
			3.1.8 Providing ecological corridors
		3.2 - Societal aspects
			3.2.1 Grasses as raw material for crafts
			3.2.2 Huts and animal shades
			3.2.3 Grasses as a fodder
			3.2.4 Cultural programs
			3.2.5 Rope manufacturing
		3.3 - Economic aspects
			3.3.1 Low input and minimum maintenance
			3.3.2 Bioenergy feedstock
			3.3.3 Medicinal use
			3.3.4 Essential oil
			3.3.5 Pulp and paper manufacturing
			3.3.6 Industrialization
			3.3.7 Job creation and poverty alleviation
	4 - Why perennial grasses in phytoremediation?
	5 - Coupling phytoremediation with perennial native grasses
	6 - Perennial growth—an essential aspect for sustainable biomass source
	7 - Improvement of perennial grasses for enhanced phytoremediation
	8 - Perennial grass-based phytoremediation practices
	9 - Policy framework
	10 - Conclusions and future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
2 -Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash – more than a promising crop in phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Morphology, reproduction, and propagation
	3 - Ecology and physiology
	4 - Geographical distribution and expansion
	5 - Multipurpose usage of vetiver grass
		5.1 - Phytoremediation of different types of pollutants
		5.2 - Phytomanagement of fly ash deposits
		5.3 - Removing nutrient loads
		5.4 - Carbon sequestration
		5.5 - Adaptive agricultural practices
		5.6 - Soil and water conservation
		5.7 - Economic return (phytocommerce/phytoeconomics)
	6 - Limitations
	7 - Potential features of vetiver grass: the reason of vetiver’s success
	8 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 3 - The potential of Sewan grass (Lasiurus sindicus Henrard) in phytoremediation—an endangered grass species of desert
	1 - Introduction to Sewan grass
	2 - Origin and geographical distribution
	3 - Ecology
	4 - Morphological description
	5 - Propagation
	6 - Important features of Sewan grass
	7 - Multiple uses
	8 - Phytoremediation
	9 - Biomass productivity of Sewan grass
	10 - Genetic diversity and conservation
	11 - Rhizospheric microbiology of Sewan grass
	12 - Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
4 - Miscanthus–a perennial energy grass in phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Miscanthus biology and taxonomy
	3 - Propagation
	4 - Easy harvesting
	5 - Miscanthus grass as a biofuel crop
	6 - Phytoremediation
	7 - Environmental consideration
	8 - Multiple uses
	9 - Merits and demerits of Miscanthus with SWOT analysis
	10 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
5 - Phragmites species—promising perennial grasses for phytoremediation and biofuel production
	1 - Introduction
	2 - General aspects of Phragmites species
	3 - Important features of Phragmites species
	4 - Multiple uses and management consideration
		4.1 - Phytoremediation
		4.2 - Ecological restoration
		4.3 - Soil formation
		4.4 - Green cover development of derelict lands
		4.5 - Carbon sequestration
		4.6 - Biomass production
		4.7 - Other uses
	5 - Conclusion
	6 - Future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 - Feasibility of Festuca rubra L. native grass in phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Land contamination and effects
		1.2 - Cleanup solutions, management, and assessment
		1.3 - Phytoremediation and ecorestoration
			1.3.1 - Perennial grasses on contaminated sites
	2 - General aspects of F. rubra L.
		2.1 - Taxonomy and geographical distribution of F. rubra L.
			2.1.1 - Red List Category and conservation
		2.2 - Morphology and reproduction of F. rubra L.
		2.3 - Ecology of F. rubra L.
			2.3.1 - Habitats and plant communities of F. rubra L.
		2.4 - Multiple uses and management consideration
	3 - Ecorestoration techniques
		3.1 - Seed production, establishment and management of F. rubra L.
		3.2 - Biorecultivation of F. rubra L. on fly ash deposits (TENT, Serbia)
			3.2.1 - Agrotechnical technology
	4 - The role of F. rubra L. in phytoremediation of contaminated sites
		4.1 - Phytoremediation potential, uptake and transport of metal(loid)s
		4.2 - Phytoremediation potential of F. rubra L. grown on fly ash deposits
	5 - Physiological and morphological response of F. rubra L.
		5.1 - Photosynthesis, pigments, and antioxidants of F. rubra L. grown on fly ash deposits
		5.2 - Leaf morphology of F. rubra L.
		5.3 - SEM analysis of leaf surface structure of F. rubra L.
	6 - Conclusion and future outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 - Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.): coupling phytoremediation with biofuel production
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Origin and geographical distribution
	3 - Ecology
	4 - Botanical description
	5 - Propagation
	6 - Main features of reed canary grass in relation to phytoremediation
		6.1 - A good phytoextractor
		6.2 - A good phytostabilizer
		6.3 - A good bioindicator
		6.4 - Tolerance to wide-ranging stress conditions
		6.5 - Biomass yield
		6.6 - Rate of photosynthesis
		6.7 - Easy propagation, establishment, and biomass production
	7 - Multiple uses of reed canary grass
		7.1 - Biomass production
		7.2 - Carbon sequestration
		7.3 - Pulp and paper
	8 - Conclusions and future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 - Switchgrass—an asset for phytoremediation and bioenergy production
	1 - Introduction
	2 - General aspect of switchgrass
	3 - Multiple uses
	4 - Limiting factors
	5 - Phytoremediation
	6 - Bioenergy production
	7 - Carbon sequestration
	8 - Physiological adaptation
	9 - Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
9 - Cymbopogon flexuosus—an essential oil-bearing aromatic grass for phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Ecology
	3 - Origin and distribution
	4 - Botanical description
	5 - Propagation
	6 - Important aspects in relation to phytoremediation
	7 - Multiple uses of lemongrass
		7.1 - Phytoremediation
		7.2 - Essential oil production
		7.3 - Carbon sequestration
	8 - Medicinal use
	9 - Other commercial uses
	10 - Socio-economic development
	11 - Implementation strategies
	12 - Conclusion and future prospects
	References
10 - Saccharum spp.—potential role in ecorestoration and biomass production#
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Ecology
	3 - Morphological description
	4 - Geographic distribution
	5 - Propagation
	6 - Multiple uses
	7 - Role of Saccharum spp. in ecological restoration of waste land
	8 - Role of Saccharum spp. in ecological restoration of fly ash dumps
	9 - Biomass and bioenergy production
	10 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
11 - Bermuda grass –its role in ecological restoration and biomass production
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Origin, geographical distribution, and occurrence
	3 - Ecology
	4 - Morphology and propagation
	5 - Abiotic stress tolerance of Bermuda grass
	6 - Multiple uses
		6.1 - Wasteland’s restoration
		6.2 - Phytoremediation of toxic elements
		6.3 - Soil conservation
		6.4 - Biomass and biofuel
		6.5 - Green capping
		6.6 - Carbon sequestration
		6.7 - Hindu rituals
		6.8 - Medicine
	7 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 - Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz.)–one of the most valuable bamboo species for phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Bamboo-provisioned ecosystem services
	3 - Major role of bamboo toward nature sustainability
		3.1 - Phytoremediation
		3.2 - Carbon sequestration
		3.3 - Climate change mitigation
		3.4 - Bamboo-based agroforestry system
	4 - Future research prospects
	5 - Conclusions
	References
13 - The application of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth. in phytoremediation technologies
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Morphology, propagation, and reproduction
	3 - Ecology
	4 - Distribution and expansion
	5 - Suppression and control
	6 - Phytoremediation
	7 - Other uses
	References
14 - Potential of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) for phytoremediation and biofuel production
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Origin and geographical distribution
	3 - Ecology
	4 - Taxonomy and morphological description
	5 - Propagation
	6 - Important features of Napier grass
	7 - Multiple uses
	8 - Phytoremediation
	9 - Bioenergy production
	10 - Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
15 - Role of microbes in grass-based phytoremediation
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Perennial grasses: suitable agents for phytomanagement
	3 - Phytoremediation strategies
	4 - Importance of microbial role in grass–based phytoremediation
	5 - Phytoremediation of different types of pollutants through perennial grass species
		5.1 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
		5.2 - Explosives/nitroaromatics, herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls
		5.3 - Heavy metals
	6 - Pros and cons of phytoremediation with perennial grasses
	7 - Conclusions
	References
16 - Case studies of perennial grasses—phytoremediation (holistic approach)
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Potential case studies of perennial grasses in phytoremediation
		2.1 - Bermuda grass case
		2.2 - Vetiver grass case
		2.3 - Lemon grass case
		2.4 - Phragmites grass case
		2.5 - Calamagrostis epigejos grass case
		2.6 - Bamboo grass case
		2.7 - Napier grass case
		2.8 - Miscanthus grass case
		2.9 - Switchgrass case
		2.10 - Reed canary grass case
		2.11 - Festuca rubra grass case
		2.12 - Saccharum species grass case
		2.13 - Sewan grass case
	3 - Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References