Phytochemistry, the Military and Health: Phytotoxins and Natural Defenses

Front-Matter_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
	Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
	Copyright
Contributors_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
	Contributors
1---Introduction-to-phytochemicals-and-t_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-a
	Introduction to phytochemicals and the military
		Introduction
		Plants and phytochemicals
		Phytochemicals during conflicts in some cited wars
		Postconflict needs for phytochemicals
		Conclusion
		References
2---Phytochemicals--plant-toxins--and-their-inf_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
	Phytochemicals, plant toxins, and their influence in military strategies
		Introduction
		Plants contribution to emergency medicine, potential misuse as poisons, and physical training grounds to the army/mi ...
		Phytochemical-based strategic decisions in politics and the military
		Useful and harmful plants used during conflicts
		Plant toxins and chemical warfare agents used in conflicts
		Recommendations to policy regulation and use of plants during conflicts
		Conclusion
		References
3---The-world-s-most-toxic-plants-service-pers_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
	The worlds most toxic plants service personnel should be wary about
		Introduction
		Exposure to phytotoxins
			Ingestion
			Inhalation
			Dermal or eye contact
		Toxic effects of Phytotoxins
		List of some common poisonous plants to watch out for
			Conium maculatum (poison hemlock)
			Ricinus communis (castor bean)
			Hippomane mancinella (beach apple)
			Cerbera odollam (pong pong)
			Nerium oleander (Oleander)
			Abrus precatorius (rosary pea)
			Aconitum species (monkshood)
			Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
			Brugmansia species (devils trumpet, jimsonweed)
			Dieffenbachia species (Dumbcane)
			Rhododendron species (azalea)
		Personal protective equipment during operations
		Conclusion and recommendations
		References
4---Overview-of-the-traditional-systems-of-medicine_2021_Phytochemistry--the
	Overview of the traditional systems of medicine in different continents during postwar recovery
		Introduction
		Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants utilized globally
		Traditional medicine in Africa
		Herbalism
		Spiritualism
		Divination
		Traditional medicine in South and East Asia
		Traditional medicine in India
		Traditional medicine in other continents such as South America and Northern Europe
		Traditional medicine in different continents such as Asia, Africa, and America
			Chinese
		Theories in traditional medicine
			Yin-Yang theory
			Five-element theory
			The Indian theory
		Application of traditional medicine from different continents for the treatment of waterborne diseases during and a ...
		Numerous types of factors that might be responsible for waterborne diseases during and after war activities
			Cholera as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
			Typhoid as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
			Dysentery as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
			Hepatitis as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
		Modes of action of some specific metabolites containing phytochemicals that possess antimalarial activity during an ...
		Conclusions
		References
5---Ethnopharmacological-properties-of-Asian-medic_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
	Ethnopharmacological properties of Asian medicinal plants during conflict-related blockades
		Introduction
		Demography
		Traditional and complementary medicine
			Dosage forms of ethno medicines
		Asian medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases
			Carica papaya
			Azadirachta indica
			Ocimum sanctum
			Piper retrofractum
			Mentha longifolia
			Adhatoda vesica nees
			Zingiber officinale
			Crocus sativus
			Moringa oleifera
			Erythrina senegalensis
			Sida acuta
			Cochlospermum tinctorium
			Piliostigma thonningii (schum)
			Trichilia emetica vahl
			Heliotropium indicum Linn.
			Opilia celtidifolia Guill
			Anthocleista djalonensis
		Cosmetic ethnopharmacology
		Conclusion
		References
6---Applications-of-phytochemicals-against-nerv_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
	Applications of phytochemicals against nerve agents in counterterrorism
		Introduction
		An overview of nerve agent mode of action and pathophysiological consequences
		Chemical approach to antinerve agent poisoning
		The application of weak reversible AChE inhibitors
		The use of stigmines as antidotes against nerve agents
		Cholinesterase reactivators: Oximes and hydroxylamine
		Acetylcholine receptor modulators and auxiliary neuromodulators
		The potential of atropine and benzodiazepines
		Chemical allosteric modulation of AChE
		Direct chemical decontamination, neutralization and elimination
		Application of nonbiological catalysts in the decontamination of nerve agents
		The potential of metal-organic frameworks in chemical warfare degradation
		Biological approach to antinerve agent poisoning
			Microbial approach
			Biochemical and immunological approach to nerve agent poisoning
				The role of bioscavengers
				The cholinesterases as bioscavengers
				Carboxylesterases
		The potential of human paraoxonase 1
		Recombinant and heterologously expressed antibodies against nerve agents
		Future prospects
		Conclusion
		References
7---Psychoactive-plants-and-phytochem_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-
	Psychoactive plants and phytochemicals
		Introduction
		Psychoactive plants
		Neuroprotective plants
			Ginkgo biloba
			Panax ginseng
			Curcuma longa
			Other spices-derived neuroprotective
			Lycium barbarum
			Nootropic herbs
		Antianxiety and antidepressant natural products and their derivatives
		Psychoactive phytochemicals
			Khat alkaloids
				Mechanism of action of khat alkaloids
			Dependence
				Kratom alkaloids
					Mechanism of action
					Toxicity
				Mushroom alkaloids
					Adverse effects
				Sceletium alkaloids
					Mechanism of action
				Pscychoactive diterpenes
					Mechanism of action
					Dependence
		References
8---Plant-based-analgesics-during-con_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-
	Plant-based analgesics during conflicts
		Introduction to the pathophysiology of pain and analgesics
		Pain and its types
			Acute pain
			Chronic pain
			Nociceptive pain
			Neuropathic pain
			Management of pain
				Guidelines for pain management
					Physical approach
					Psychological approach
					Medications
				Pros and cons of self-management
		Natural sources of analgesics
			Analgesic properties of plants
				Known plants that are used in the treatment of pain among soldiers during conflicts
			Isolated bioactive compounds with analgesic activity
		Conclusion
		References
9---Important-antihistaminic-plants-and-their_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milit
	Important antihistaminic plants and their potential role in health
		Introduction
		Phytoconstituents with reported antihistaminic activities
			Quercetin
			Catechin
			Flavones
			Triterpenes
		Antihistaminic plants
		Clinical trials
		Conclusion
		References
10---Plants-and-phytochemicals-against-accide_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milit
	Plants and phytochemicals against accidental plant skin poisoning
		Introduction
		Skin poisoning and plant poisons
		Injury caused by plants in accidental plant skin poisoning
			Mechanical injury
			Primary irritant or contact dermatitis
			Allergic contact dermatitis
			Photosensitization dermatitis
		Plants and phytochemicals against accidental plant skin poisoning
		Conclusion
		References
11---Plants-for-management-of-diarr_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-He
	Plants for management of diarrhea
		Introduction
		Etiology of diarrhea
		Chemotherapeutic management of diarrhea
		Medicinal plants in diarrhea therapy
		Conclusion
		References
12---Phytochemical-solutions-in-the-face-of-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milita
	Phytochemical solutions in the face of chemical subjection
		Introduction
		Management and treatment guidelines for chemical subjection
		Skin and environmental decontamination activity potential of plants
		Wound healing plants
		Chelating plants
		Plants with antidote properties
		Anticancer plants
		Cholinergic plants
		Antiemetic and ocular plants
		Pulmonary disease management plants
		Conclusion
		References
13---Pharmafoods-for-body-cleansing-of-toxic-expos_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
	Pharmafoods for body cleansing of toxic exposure to chemical and biological warfare agents
		Introduction
		Selected plants for the development of pharmafoods
			Coffee
			Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
			Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
			Green tea
			Hibiscus sabdariffa
			Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
			Lemon
			Avocado (Persea americana)
			Apple
			Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
		Modes of action of pharmafoods which could be utilized for cleansing of toxic substances
		Conclusion and recommendations
		References
14---Prevention-of-liver-problems-from-adverse-chemi_2021_Phytochemistry--th
	Prevention of liver problems from adverse chemical agents by healthy nutrition and Unani dietotherapy
		Introduction
		The liver as an organ to metabolize drugs and chemicals
		Common chemicals and drugs which damage liver cells
		Pathophysiology of toxic liver disease
		Symptoms of toxic liver disease
		General measures for prevention of toxic liver disease
		Concept of usage of healthy nutrition in toxic liver disease
		Nutritional elements helpful in preventing and treating liver problems
			Good hydration
			Fruits and vegetables
			Dietary supplements as antioxidants
			Phytoestrogens in legumes, seed oils, and nuts
			Consumption of proteins
			Hepatoprotective plants
		Use of dietotherapy (ilaj bil ghiza) of Unani medicine in the prevention and treatment of toxic liver diseases
		Conclusion
		References
15---Food-allergens-and-how-to-ameliorate-thei_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
	Food allergens and how to ameliorate their effects by phytochemicals
		Introduction
		Types of allergies
			Drug allergy
			Food allergies
			Latex allergy
			Animal allergy
			Allergies from plants
		Food allergy
			Health effects of food allergy
			Management and treatments of food allergy
		Phytochemicals an alternative remedy to food allergens
		Food allergy in the army
		Future perspective
		Conclusions
		References
16---Plants-against-malarial-and-typho_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and
	Plants against malarial and typhoid fever
		Introduction
		Plants from different folk medicines with proved in vitro antimalarial activity
			Sub-Saharan African medicines
				West Africa
					Benin
					Burkina Faso
					Cameroon
					Nigeria
					Ivory coast
					Ghana
					Others
				East Africa
					Uganda
					Ethiopia
					Kenya
					Tanzania
				Central Africa
				South Africa
			Asia
				China
				India
				Others
			Central and South America
		Marine plants with antimalarial activity
		Different phytoconstituents having antimalarial activities
			Alkaloids
			Flavonoids
			Terpenes
			Miscellaneous secondary metabolites
		Plants proved in vivo antimalarial activity
		Plants with proven in vivo anti-typhoid activity
		Conclusion
		References
17---Plants-effective-against-insomnia-an_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-
	Plants effective against insomnia and sleep apnea
		Introduction
			A brief etiology of insomnia
			The etiology of apnea
			Insomnia and sleep apnea pathological crosstalk
		Conventional therapeutic approaches
		Plants effective against insomnia and apnea
			Piper (Kava-kava)
				Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of kava extracts
				Concerns about kava toxicity
			Valeriana (Valerian)
				Phytochemistry of and pharmacology of Valeriana spp.
			Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower)
				Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Passiflora
			Melissa officinalis
				Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Melissa
			Anthemis (Chamomile)
				The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Anthemis
			Lavandula (Lavender)
				Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lavandula species
			Newbouldia laevis (Boundary tree)
				Phytochemical properties and neuropharmacological potential of N. laevis
			Diospyros (Ebenaceae)
				The Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Diospyros species
			Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae)
				The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Gelsemium
			Salvia (Rosmarinus)
				Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Salvia species
		Conclusive remarks
		References
18---Roles-of-medicinal-plants-in-the-treatment_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
	Roles of medicinal plants in the treatment of connective tissue diseases
		Introduction
		Connective tissue disease
		Connective tissue restoration
		Medicinal plants in the treatment of connective tissue diseases
		Conclusion
		References
19---Life-threatening-diseases-and-conditions-in-t_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
	Life-threatening diseases and conditions in the battlefield: Pyrotherapeutic perspectives
		Introduction
		The history of war time diseases and plant-based therapies
		Life-threatening diseases that occurred on the battlefield
			Typhoid epidemic during the war
			Trench fever in world war 1
			Trench fever today
			Typhus during the war
			Gas gangrene
			Influenza
		The fury of infectious disease during war times
			Overall effects of disease in war strategies
		Mitigation of threatening diseases in the battlefield
		Conclusion
		References
20---Plant-based-nutrition-supplementation-on-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
	Plant-based nutrition supplementation on the well-being of servicemen
		Introduction
		Important definitions
		Strategies to improve health through proper nutrition and physical activity
		The WHO global strategy on nutrition, physical activity, and health
		Nutrition standards
			Application of nutrition standards in practice
			History of setting nutritional standards
		Rules of nutrition in the army
		Proposals for nutritional standards for land forces
		Proposals for nutrition standards for special forces
		Discussion
			Energy requirements of soldiers
			The need to educate soldiers about the principles of proper nutrition and safe use of dietary supplements
			Nutritional contribution of some food products
		Conclusions
		References
21---Obesity--Causes--consequences--and-disease_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
	Obesity: Causes, consequences, and disease risks for service personnel
		Epidemiology
		Biochemical aspects of obesity
		Psychological aspects of obesity
		Hormonal response to stress
		Behavioral, stress and obesity
		Stress and obesity in military personals
		Environmental aspects of obesity
		Consumption of fast food
		Food environment
		Obesity: Clinical aspects
		Disease risks associated with obesity
		The major risks to health as a result of obesity are briefly discussed below
			Hypertension
			Diabetes mellitus
			Dyslipidemia
			Coronary heart disease
			Congestive heart failure
			Stroke
			Chronic kidney disease
			Osteoarthritis
			Obstructive sleep apnea
			Cancer
			Gynecologic disorders
		Conclusion
		Conflict of interest
		Contribution
		References
22---Water-testing-for-potential-phytochemical_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
	Water testing for potential phytochemical contamination and poisoning
		Introduction
		The defensive phytochemicals and different plant uses
			Defensive phytochemicals
				Flavonoids
				Alkaloids
			Plant uses
				Self-defense
				Water purification
				Soil purification and value addition
				Pharmaceuticals
				Military applications
		Water phytocontamination, poisoning, and phytochemical linkages to water-borne infections
			Direct water contamination and poisoning
			Indirect contamination and poisoning
			Phytochemicals and water-borne diseases
		Analytical methods for phytochemical analysis
			Methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals
				Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
				High performance liquid chromatography
				Time of flight mass spectrometry coupled liquid chromatography (ToF-MS-LC)
				Ultra-violet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy
		Conclusion
		References
23---Identification-and-analysis-of-toxic-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military
	Identification and analysis of toxic phytochemicals
		Introduction
		Toxic plants
		Toxic phytochemicals
			Alkaloids
				Atropine
				Strychnine
				Curare alkaloids
				Ricinine
				Aconitine
				Coniine
				Colchicine
				Other alkaloids
			Glycosides
				Cardiac glycosides
				Cyanogenic glycosides
				Glycoalkaloids
				Thioglycosides
				Lectins
				Coumarins
		Analysis of toxic phytochemical
			Sample preparation
			Analysis of toxic phytochemicals in plants
			Analysis of toxic alkaloids
			Analysis of toxic glycosides
			Analysis of toxic Coumarins
			Analysis of toxic phytochemicals in biological fluids
		Conclusion
		References
24---Molecular-optimization-of-phytochemica_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Militar
	Molecular optimization of phytochemicals into antidotes
		Introduction
		Overview of the drug development process
		The development of potential therapeutics against a disease
			Designing tools in drug and antidote development
			Data analysis in antidote designing
			R-group breakdown for the synthesis
		Antidote development against other poisons (antivenom)
		Further analyses
		An opportunity in data sharing
		Conclusion
		References
25---Application-of-nanoceutical-technology-for-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mi
	Application of nanoceutical technology for fast and efficient control of illness
		Introduction
		Specific examples of nanoceutical that is been used for the management of critical illness
		Conclusion and recommendations
		References
26---Water-resources-security-and-management-f_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
	Water resources security and management for sustainable communities
		Introduction
		Water contamination
		Management technologies
			Phytoremediation for water pollutants
				Naphthophytes for petroleum compounds remediation
				Hydrophytes for the reclamation of water reservoirs
		Wetlands role in water purifications
		Conclusions and recommendations
		Acknowledgments
		References
27---Impacts-of-inorganic-organic-pollutants-on-a_2021_Phytochemistry--the-M
	Impacts of inorganic/organic pollutants on agroecosystems and eco-friendly solutions
		Introduction
		Indicators of soil degradation
		Bioavailability of pollutants in soils
		Soil contamination with crude oil
		Green remediation techniques
			Bioremediation
				In situ and ex situ bioremediation
				Bioaugmentation
				Electrobioremediation
			Phytoremediation
				Phytoextraction
				Phytostabilization
				Phytovolalization
				Phytodegradation
				Rhizodegradation
				Rhizofiltration
		Case studies of soil contamination and remediation
		Promises and limitations of soil remediation
		Conclusions and recommendations
		Acknowledgments
		References
28---Plant-based-first-aid-kits-for-emerg_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-
	Plant-based first aid kits for emergency response
		Introduction
		History of medicinal plant use in military interventions
			Pre-world war era
			World war and cold war era
		Effect of phytochemicals on the cognitive function well-being of military personnel
		Plants as food and medicine remedies for military interventions
		First aid innovations from plants
			Plant-based herbal patches
			Nanomaterial body lotions, soaps, and jells
			Air conditioning and hand dryers
		Conclusion
		References
Index_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
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