Physiology of the Pea Crop

Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 4
Choice of approach......Page 18
A simple and generic analytical framework: the energy approach of biomass production......Page 19
Plant and pea crop representation mode......Page 21
Spring peas and winter peas......Page 22
PART I: PEA CROP FUNCTIONING AND YIELD COMPONENTS......Page 24
Organisation of a pea stem......Page 25
Functioning of the cauline meristem and the apical tip......Page 28
Modelling using the thermal time......Page 29
The leaf from the unfolded stage to the senescence......Page 31
Division then expansion of the cells......Page 32
Final size of vegetative organs......Page 33
Conclusion......Page 35
Definitions and observations......Page 36
Transition to the reproductive stage in pea......Page 37
Use of flowering date to identify genes responsible for the reaction to photoperiod......Page 41
Conclusion......Page 43
Seed development......Page 45
Characterization of reproductive stages......Page 46
Whole plant reproductive development......Page 48
How to represent whole plant development diagrammatically?......Page 50
Characteristics of pea architecture......Page 52
Initiation of meristems......Page 53
Growth of branches......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 58
Measurements of stages at the stem scale......Page 59
Measurements of stages at the crop scale......Page 63
Introduction......Page 66
Radiative balance of a canopy......Page 67
Radiation use efficiency RUE......Page 68
Assessment of radiation absorption or interception efficiencies......Page 69
Change during the cycle......Page 74
Effect of sowing date and density......Page 75
Genetic variability......Page 76
Variation during the cycle......Page 77
Effects of environmental conditions......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 81
3. Dilution curve......Page 83
Plant N concentration in grain legume crops in relation to developmental stage......Page 84
Determination of critical plant nitrogen concentration for pea......Page 85
Determination of the « maximal » curve......Page 86
Root and nodule establishment and associated carbon costs......Page 88
Root and nodule establishment......Page 89
Carbon costs associated with structure establishment, maintenance and metabolism......Page 93
Contribution of the two nitrogen uptake pathways to total N uptake by the plant during growth......Page 96
N2 fixing activity as modulated by growth, phenology and nitrate......Page 100
How to optimise and stabilise the nitrogen nutrition of legumes?......Page 104
Summary of measurement methods used in the field to assess the percentage of N derived from atmospheric nitrogen fixation %Ndfa......Page 105
Three isotopic methods for calculating %Ndfa......Page 106
Brief review of C and N transport within plants......Page 110
Xylem flow......Page 111
Phloem flow......Page 112
C/N ratio of sap and plant organs as related to their location within the plant......Page 113
Roots and nodules......Page 114
Leaves according to their developmental stage......Page 115
Pods and seeds......Page 116
The balance-sheet for biomass: dynamic description of biomass and nitrogen accumulation in the various aerial organs throughout growth......Page 117
Harvest index for biomass HI and nitrogen NHI......Page 122
Determinants of the seed number at the crop scale......Page 126
The time-course change of assimilate partitioning: determinant of the seed number profiles......Page 129
A static model of the seed distribution among reproductive nodes......Page 130
Individual seed weight......Page 131
Determination of individual seed growth rate......Page 133
Determination of the duration of seed filling......Page 136
Seed protein concentration......Page 139
Differential regulation of individual seed N accumulation rate and individual seed growth rate......Page 140
Characterization of the amount of N available to filling seeds......Page 141
Determinism of the individual seed N accumulation rate......Page 144
Elaboration of germination quality: the determinism of seed fragility......Page 145
The components of germination quality......Page 146
Elaboration of germination quality: determinism of seed fragility......Page 147
Conclusion......Page 153
PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESSES......Page 154
Characterization of a water deficit and its perception by the plant......Page 155
Effect on development......Page 159
Effect on growth......Page 161
Effect on yield and quality......Page 164
Conclusion......Page 167
Effects of high temperature on a pea crop......Page 168
Characterization of heat stresses......Page 169
Heat stress effects......Page 172
Conclusion......Page 176
Characterization of a nitrogen deficiency......Page 177
Effects on plant development......Page 178
Effect on the plant aerial growth......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 181
Effects on crop aerial growth......Page 182
Effects on the root system and on the nodulating system......Page 183
Effects on the nitrogen nutrition......Page 186
Conclusion......Page 187
Cold temperatures and the functioning of the canopy in pea......Page 188
Definition of cold as a thermal constraint......Page 190
Effect of cold temperatures on the functioning of the canopy......Page 193
Adaptation of pea to winter conditions......Page 196
Conclusion and outlook......Page 199
Score card for frost damage......Page 200
Impact of aschochyta blight on spring PEA functioning yield......Page 202
The pathosystem......Page 203
Overall effects of ascochyta blight on yield and yield components......Page 204
Effects of the pathogen on host physiological processes......Page 207
The effect of plant growth stage and disease location on damage to the plant......Page 209
The use of this knowledge for canopy functioning modelling......Page 210
Conclusion: combine the knowledge of the impact of ascochyta blight on yield in the integrated disease management strategies......Page 212
Life cycle, infestations and the assessment of their damage, and the influence of cropping systems......Page 213
Effects on nitrogen use and yield development......Page 214
Weeds......Page 217
PART III: INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE INTO A GLOBAL MODEL AND EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION......Page 219
Why develop a pea crop model?......Page 220
General structure of the crop growth model and minimum data required......Page 221
Module of phenology......Page 222
Growth module......Page 224
Prospects......Page 230
Description of the diagnostic approach......Page 231
Examples of the use of the diagnostic approach......Page 232
Climatic factors......Page 234
Biological factors presence of pests, diseases etc.......Page 236
Assessment at the beginning of flowering......Page 237
Study of yield components......Page 239
Towards a French regional classification......Page 244
An example of comparison between years:assessment at the beginning of flowering......Page 247
Number of seeds per node seed profile......Page 249
Measurement of the vertical structure or simplified profile......Page 250
10. Genotype x environment interaction for yield and protein concentration......Page 251
Genotype x environment interactions......Page 252
Characteristics that can induce particular genotype behaviour......Page 253
Genotype x location and genotype x year interactions......Page 255
Can varieties be stable for both yield and protein concentration?......Page 256
Conclusion......Page 257
Prospects for legume crops in France and Europe......Page 258
A solution for the diversification of crop rotation......Page 259
Reducing the risks of nitrate pollution......Page 260
Concluding remarks......Page 261
Bibliography......Page 262