Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Volume 1-2, Fourth Edition

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 4
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 6
Section I. Basic Cell Physiology and Growth of the GI Tract......Page 8
Section II. Neural Gastroenterology and Motility......Page 9
Section IV. Physiology of Secretion......Page 10
Section V. Digestion and Absorption......Page 11
Contributors......Page 14
Preface to the First Edition......Page 22
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 25
OVERVIEW OF GENE ORGANIZATION......Page 26
EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES......Page 30
ANATOMY OF THE PROMOTER......Page 34
METHODOLOGY......Page 41
POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSING......Page 44
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
TRANSLATION......Page 56
TRANSPORT INTO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM......Page 60
PROCESSING IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM......Page 63
TRANSPORT FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THROUGH THE GOLGI......Page 64
PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE GOLGI......Page 66
PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE SECRETORY VESICLE......Page 67
POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF PREPROGASTRIN......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 76
Transmembrane Signaling by G Protein Ò Coupled Receptors......Page 88
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF G PROTEIN Ò COUPLED RECEPTORS......Page 89
MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 95
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES ARE SIGNALING PARTNERS FOR G PROTEIN Ò COUPLED RECEPTORS......Page 99
MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE SIGNALING BY G PROTEIN Ò COUPLED RECEPTORS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 110
Gastrointestinal Hormones: Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Somatostatin, andGhrelin......Page 116
GASTRIN......Page 117
CHOLECYSTOKININ......Page 125
SOMATOSTATIN......Page 131
GHRELIN......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 136
SECRETIN......Page 146
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE AND RELATED PEPTIDES......Page 151
NEUROTENSIN......Page 155
NEUROPEPTIDE Y......Page 159
MOTILIN......Page 162
PEPTIDE YY......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 173
PROGLUCAGON GENE STRUCTURE AND THE PROGLUCAGON- DERIVED PEPTIDES......Page 186
PROGLUCAGON-DERIVED PEPTIDE METABOLISM AND CLEARANCE......Page 189
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR......Page 190
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON......Page 191
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE- 1......Page 192
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 194
BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE- 2......Page 195
GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 198
Growth Factors in the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 208
INTRODUCTION......Page 209
RECEPTORS......Page 211
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS......Page 218
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS......Page 230
TREFOIL FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES......Page 234
HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR......Page 238
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 246
Developmental Signaling Networks......Page 272
HISTORY......Page 273
CATENIN PATHWAY......Page 274
GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY......Page 285
IN GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 289
PATTERNING......Page 296
THE HEDGEHOG PATHWAY......Page 297
ROLE OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUT......Page 300
HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN HOMEOSTASIS OF THE ADULT GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 304
HEDGEHOG SIGNALING AND CARCINOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
OVERVIEW OF NOTCH SIGNALING......Page 312
STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH RECEPTORS......Page 313
STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH LIGANDS......Page 314
THE NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY......Page 315
INTERACTIONS OF NOTCH WITH OTHER SIGNALING NETWORKS......Page 319
NOTCH SIGNALING IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 327
Physiology of Gastrointestinal Stem Cells......Page 332
ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURAL/ PROLIFERATIVE UNITS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIUM......Page 333
MORPHOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL PROLIFERATIVE UNITS......Page 334
CLONALITY OF THE STRUCTURAL/ PROLIFERATIVE UNIT......Page 335
STEM CELL NUMBER AND HIERARCHY......Page 338
THE STEM CELL NICHE......Page 340
REGULATION OF STEM CELL FUNCTION......Page 341
STEM CELL PLASTICITY......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
CELL DEATH......Page 370
STUDIES......Page 374
STUDIES......Page 383
GASTRIC MUCOSA......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 391
Molecular Aspects and Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function during Postnatal Development......Page 400
ONTOGENY OF SECRETORY FUNCTION......Page 401
ONTOGENY OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION......Page 402
ONTOGENY OF INTESTINAL TRANSPORT......Page 404
ONTOGENY OF TRANSPORT FUNCTION ALONG THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL GUT AXES......Page 416
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 419
Effect of Aging on the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 430
THE AGING ESOPHAGUS......Page 431
THE AGING STOMACH......Page 432
THE AGING INTESTINE......Page 436
AGING AND GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS......Page 439
REGULATION OF MUCOSAL GROWTH DURING AGING......Page 445
AGING AND SURGERY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 450
OVERVIEW......Page 460
ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA......Page 461
APOPTOSIS......Page 462
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS REGULATING GASTROINTESTINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH......Page 465
GROWTH REGULATION BY LUMINAL NUTRIENTS AND SECRETIONS......Page 474
GROWTH REGULATION BY SMALL PEPTIDE HORMONES AND THEIR RECEPTORS......Page 476
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES/CLINICAL APPLICATIONS REFERENCES......Page 478
Mucosal Repair and Restitution......Page 484
OVERVIEW OF PROCESS......Page 485
REGULATION OF EPITHELIAL WOUND HEALING BY EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS......Page 487
INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS COORDINATING MIGRATION......Page 490
METHODOLOGIES FOR STUDYING GASTROINTESTINAL CELL MIGRATION......Page 492
RELATION OF ALTERED MIGRATION TO DISEASE......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 495
PRINCIPLES OF ONCOGENESIS......Page 502
CARDINAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS......Page 506
GENETIC INSTABILITY......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 517
Development of the Enteric Nervous System......Page 524
ORIGINS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 526
CREST-DERIVED STEM CELLS ARE PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPING AND MATURE BOWEL......Page 527
DEFECTS IN EARLY-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE EXTENSIVE AND VISIBLE ABNORMALITIES: HIRSCHSPRUNGÌS DISEASE......Page 528
DEFECTS IN LATE-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE RESTRICTED LESIONS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 532
OTHER FACTORS IN ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 539
Cellular Physiology of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle......Page 548
SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR CONTRACTION......Page 549
SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR RELAXATION......Page 552
CROSS-REGULATION: THE INTERPLAY OF SIGNALS IN A CHEMICAL PLAYGROUND......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 556
Organization and Electrophysiology of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 558
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MUSCLES......Page 559
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL RHYTHMICITY......Page 560
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN NEUROTRANSMISSION......Page 571
ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS STRETCH RECEPTORS......Page 573
ANIMAL MODELS TO STUDY LOSS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL......Page 574
SMOOTH MUSCLE RESPONSES TO SLOW WAVES AND NEURAL INPUTS......Page 575
REFERENCES......Page 594
OVERVIEW......Page 602
INTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL......Page 607
EXTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL......Page 616
EXTRINSIC SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS......Page 617
HEIRARCHIES OF NEUROCHEMICALS......Page 619
REFERENCES......Page 620
OVERVIEW......Page 628
MORPHOLOGY......Page 630
INNERVATION OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA......Page 632
CHEMICAL CODING OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS......Page 635
ORGANIZATION OF SYMPATHETIC MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE GUT......Page 636
VISCERAL AFFERENT NEURONS......Page 639
MORPHOLOGY OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS......Page 641
CHEMICAL CODING OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS......Page 644
POPULATIONS OF MECHANOSENSORY VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS......Page 645
PACEMAKER NEURONS......Page 647
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 648
REFERENCES......Page 649
THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 654
AH- AND S-TYPE ENTERIC NEURONS......Page 667
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION......Page 671
REFERENCES......Page 682
Integrative Functions of the Enteric Nervous System......Page 690
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE STOMACH......Page 691
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES......Page 694
PLASTICITY IN THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 699
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE ANAL CANAL AND PELVIC FLOOR......Page 703
INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS FOR DEFECATION......Page 706
REFERENCES......Page 707
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS......Page 710
ANATOMY OF EXTRINSIC AFFERENT FIBERS......Page 712
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRINSIC GASTROINTESTINAL AFFERENTS......Page 717
GASTROINTESTINAL EXTRINSIC AFFERENT NERVES: INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 731
REFERENCES......Page 741
NEUROANATOMIC REPRESENTATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL SENSATION......Page 752
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING......Page 755
AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF GASTROINTESTINAL SENSORY PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN......Page 759
REFERENCES......Page 760
Enteric Neural Regulation of Mucosal Secretion......Page 762
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SECRETORY REFLEXES......Page 763
SENSORY ENTEROCHROMAFFIN/BON CELLS......Page 766
SECRETORY REFLEXES......Page 773
MEDIATORS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN SECRETORY REFLEXES......Page 779
COORDINATION OF SECRETION AND MOTILITY......Page 780
CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE SIGNALING AND SECRETION......Page 781
PATHOBIOLOGY OF REFLEX-DRIVEN INTESTINAL SECRETION......Page 783
REFERENCES......Page 786
MUCOSAL BARRIER FUNCTION......Page 788
STRESS CONCEPTS......Page 791
STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN MUCOSAL FUNCTION IN HUMANS......Page 792
STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN MUCOSAL FUNCTION IN ANIMALS......Page 793
RELEVANCE FOR HUMAN INTESTINAL DISEASES......Page 800
REFERENCES......Page 801
Effect of Stress on Gastrointestinal Motility......Page 806
EFFECTS OF STRESS ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY......Page 807
CENTRAL CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTORS AND STRESS- RELATED GASTROINTESTINAL MOTOR DISTURBANCES......Page 808
AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION......Page 809
EFFECTS OF STRESS ON VISCERAL PERCEPTION......Page 810
CONCLUSION......Page 811
REFERENCES......Page 812
HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 816
CHEMISTRY OF THE HYPOTHALAMICPITUITARY- ADRENAL AXIS......Page 817
BRAIN DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOTROPINRELEASING FACTOR LIGANDS AND RECEPTORS......Page 820
CENTRAL ACTION OF CORTICOTROPINRELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE GASTRIC FUNCTION......Page 822
CENTRAL ACTIONS OF CORTICOTROPINRELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE SMALL INTESTINAL FUNCTION......Page 827
CENTRAL ACTIONS OF CORTICOTROPINRELEASING FACTOR PEPTIDES TO INFLUENCE COLONIC FUNCTION......Page 829
REFERENCES......Page 834
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL CIRCULATION......Page 842
INNERVATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD VESSELS......Page 844
FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF VASOMOTOR NEURONS IN THE REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW......Page 845
INTERACTIVE CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL CIRCULATION......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 857
GALLBLADDER......Page 866
SPHINCTER OF ODDI......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 872
Brainstem Control of Gastric Function......Page 876
EFFERENT AUTONOMIC OVERLAY......Page 877
VISCERAL AFFERENT INPUTS TO BRAINSTEM REFLEX CONTROL CIRCUITS......Page 879
REFLEX ACTIONS TRIGGERED BY VISCERAL AFFERENT INPUTS......Page 880
COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VAGO- VAGAL GASTRIC CONTROL REFLEXES......Page 881
REFERENCES......Page 894
FOOD INTAKE AND ENERGY BALANCE METABOLIC SIGNALS AND THEIR MEDIATION......Page 902
WITHIN-MEAL FEEDBACK SIGNALING......Page 906
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GUT PEPTIDE AND HYPOTHALAMIC SIGNALING......Page 912
REFERENCES......Page 913
PHARYNGEAL MOTOR FUNCTION DURING DEGLUTITION......Page 920
PRESSURE PROFILE OF THE PHARYNX......Page 921
PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE PHENOMENON IN RELATION TO SWALLOWED MATERIAL......Page 923
DEGLUTITIVE LARYNGEAL MOTOR FUNCTION......Page 925
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND ITS PRESSURE PHENOMENA......Page 927
OPENING OF THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER......Page 928
ESOPHAGOGLOTTAL CLOSURE REFLEX......Page 929
PHARYNGEAL (SECONDARY) SWALLOW......Page 930
CEREBRAL CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF PHARYNGEAL/ REFLEXIVE AND VOLITIONAL SWALLOW IN HUMANS......Page 931
PHARYNGO-UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTILE REFLEX......Page 932
PHARYNGEAL INHIBITORY REFLEXES......Page 933
MECHANISMS OF AIRWAY PROTECTION DURING BELCHING......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
NEUROMUSCULAR ANATOMY......Page 938
INNERVATION......Page 939
COORDINATED MOTOR EVENTS......Page 941
REFERENCES......Page 948
DIFFERENT PHASES OF GASTRIC MOTILITY......Page 952
MEASUREMENT OF GASTRIC RESERVOIR FUNCTION......Page 953
CONTROL OF THE ACCOMMODATION REFLEX......Page 954
CONCLUSION......Page 956
REFERENCES......Page 957
ANATOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 960
SPECIALIZED SMALL INTESTINAL CELL TYPES......Page 961
COUPLING OF SMALL INTESTINAL CONTRACTIONS......Page 965
CONTROL OF SMALL INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS......Page 966
STEREOTYPICAL SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR PATTERNS......Page 968
EXTENDED REFLEXES INVOLVING THE SMALL INTESTINE......Page 976
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON SMALL INTESTINAL MOTOR ACTIVITY......Page 978
REFERENCES......Page 981
Function and Regulation of Colonic Contractions in Health and Disease......Page 990
FUNCTION AND SPATIOTEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIC CONTRACTIONS......Page 991
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF COLONIC CONTRACTIONS......Page 994
COLONIC MOTOR DYSFUNCTION......Page 1007
REFERENCES......Page 1012
INNERVATION OF PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES......Page 1020
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE ACTIVITY......Page 1024
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES AND PELVIC ORGAN FUNCTION......Page 1028
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES AND NEUROLOGIC LESIONS......Page 1030
REFERENCES......Page 1031
NEUROPATHY IN THE BRAIN-IN-THE-GUT......Page 1034
NEUROGENIC SECRETION: DIARRHEA AND CONSTIPATION......Page 1038
ABDOMINAL PAIN AND DISCOMFORT......Page 1040
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS......Page 1047
REFERENCES......Page 1052
Index......Page 1058
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 1084
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 1086
Section I. Basic Cell Physiology and Growth of the GI Tract......Page 1088
Section II. Neural Gastroenterology and Motility......Page 1089
Section IV. Physiology of Secretion......Page 1090
Section V. Digestion and Absorption......Page 1091
Contributors......Page 1094
Preface to the First Edition......Page 1102
Preface......Page 1104
Acknowledgments......Page 1105
Innate Immunity......Page 1106
SENSOR MOLECULES......Page 1107
EFFECTOR MOLECULES......Page 1122
REFERENCES......Page 1130
Biology of Gut Immunoglobulins......Page 1140
SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A AND THE POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR......Page 1141
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G AND THE NEONATAL Fc RECEPTOR FcRn......Page 1150
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E......Page 1155
REFERENCES......Page 1158
Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Inflammation......Page 1164
COLONIZATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA......Page 1165
RESPONSE BY......Page 1167
DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRITIS......Page 1168
GASTRIC INFLAMMATION, AND DISEASE......Page 1172
HUMAN GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROPENSITY TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE......Page 1177
REFERENCES......Page 1179
INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION......Page 1188
EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION ON INTESTINAL FUNCTION......Page 1197
REFERENCES......Page 1203
Recruitment of Inflammatory and Immune Cells in the Gut: Physiology and Pathophysiology......Page 1210
ADHESION MOLECULES......Page 1211
REGULATION OF BLOOD CELL Ò ENDOTHELIAL CELL INTERACTIONS IN NONLYMPHOID TISSUES......Page 1216
GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE AND INTESTINAL IMMUNITY......Page 1221
LYMPHOCYTE HOMING AND ACTIVATION IN GUT- ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE......Page 1222
LEUKOCYTE MOVEMENT THROUGH THE INTERSTITIUM......Page 1224
LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION......Page 1226
LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING DURING CHRONIC GUT INFLAMMATION......Page 1228
REFERENCES......Page 1230
Physiology of HostÒPathogen Interactions......Page 1236
TOXIN-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON ION SECRETION......Page 1238
ABSORPTION: ENTEROPATHOGENIC......Page 1244
CYCLOOXYGENASE-2/NITRIC OXIDE/ PROSTAGLANDIN E Ò MEDIATED Cl- SECRETION......Page 1245
BARRIER FUNCTION AND CYTOTOXICITY......Page 1246
INFECTION-MEDIATED BARRIER CHANGES......Page 1251
REFERENCES......Page 1255
MORPHOLOGIC BASIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION......Page 1262
CELLULAR BASIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION......Page 1267
TRANSPORT AT THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE......Page 1276
GETTING THE MESSAGE TO THE PARIETAL CELL......Page 1278
SUPPORTING MEMBRANE TRANSFORMATIONS: THE VESICULAR TRAFFICKING MACHINERY......Page 1282
REFERENCES......Page 1289
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY......Page 1296
REGULATION OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION......Page 1298
DISORDERS OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION......Page 1319
REFERENCES......Page 1320
Gastroduodenal Mucosal Defense......Page 1332
JUXTAMUCOSAL ENVIRONMENT AND PREEPITHELIAL DEFENSES......Page 1333
GASTRODUODENAL EPITHELIAL LAYER......Page 1337
SUBEPITHELIAL DEFENSE: GASTRODUODENAL MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW, NEURAL SENSORS AND EFFECTORS, AND CHEMICAL MEDIATORS......Page 1346
INJURY AND RESTITUTION......Page 1352
ANIMAL MODELS OF GASTRODUODENAL INJURY......Page 1354
REFERENCES......Page 1355
GENETIC ENGINEERING IN THE MOUSE......Page 1366
OVERVIEW OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION......Page 1369
MICE WITH ACID REGULATORY MUTATIONS......Page 1371
PARIETAL CELL CHANNEL AND TRANSPORTER MUTANTS......Page 1377
TRANSGENE EXPRESSION IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA......Page 1379
CONCLUSION......Page 1381
REFERENCES......Page 1382
ORGANIZATION OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS......Page 1386
PANCREATIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 1387
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION......Page 1389
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF THE ACINAR CELL: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, VECTORIAL TRANSPORT, MODIFICATIONS, AND SORTING......Page 1392
CELL SIGNALING......Page 1399
SECRETION......Page 1403
REFERENCES......Page 1407
Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Pancreatic Acinar Cells......Page 1410
TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING......Page 1411
INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS......Page 1412
INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERÒINDUCED SECRETION......Page 1426
ACTION OF INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS......Page 1427
MECHANISMS OF EXOCYTOSIS......Page 1431
REFERENCES......Page 1435
PATTERNS OF PANCREATIC ELECTROLYTE SECRETION......Page 1444
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SECRETION......Page 1445
ADVANCES IN STUDYING DUCT CELL PHYSIOLOGY......Page 1448
MECHANISMS OF DUCTAL ELECTROLYTE SECRETION......Page 1451
REGULATION OF DUCTAL SECRETION......Page 1458
REFERENCES......Page 1464
PATTERNS OF SECRETION......Page 1470
PHASES OF THE MEAL RESPONSE......Page 1473
NEURAL AND HORMONAL REGULATORS......Page 1477
INHIBITION OF PANCREATIC SECRETION......Page 1493
PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTING......Page 1496
REFERENCES......Page 1497
Bile Formation and the Enterohepatic Circulation......Page 1510
BIOSYNTHESIS, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF BILE ACIDS......Page 1511
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION......Page 1517
BILE SECRETION AND HEPATIC BILE ACID TRANSPORT......Page 1519
CONCENTRATION OF BILE IN THE GALLBLADDER......Page 1523
OVERVIEW OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF BILE ACIDS......Page 1524
FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUNCTIONS OF BILE ACIDS IN THE INTESTINE......Page 1527
THERAPEUTIC USES OF BILE ACID AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE......Page 1528
REFERENCES......Page 1529
MECHANISMS OF NONBILE ACID ORGANIC ANION UPTAKE......Page 1536
MECHANISMS OF BILE ACID UPTAKE......Page 1541
ORGANIC ANION EXCRETION ACROSS THE BILE CANALICULUS......Page 1544
REFERENCES......Page 1548
OVERVIEW......Page 1556
METABOLISM AND EXCRETION......Page 1557
PROTECTION FROM DAMAGE......Page 1565
REFERENCES......Page 1574
Physiology of Cholangiocytes......Page 1578
ARCHITECTURE AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCTAL SYSTEM ( BRIEF OVERVIEW)......Page 1579
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION......Page 1581
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING......Page 1586
REGULATION OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION......Page 1588
INTEGRATED MODEL OF DUCTAL BILE FORMATION......Page 1597
REFERENCES......Page 1598
Gallbladder Function......Page 1608
TECHNIQUES TO STUDY GALLBLADDER FUNCTION......Page 1609
ELECTROLYTE AND WATER TRANSPORT......Page 1610
BILIARY CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION......Page 1617
BILIRUBIN AND XENOBIOTIC TRANSPORT......Page 1621
MUCINS......Page 1622
BACTERIAL INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND GALLBLADDER FUNCTION......Page 1624
REFERENCES......Page 1626
Tight Junctions and the Intestinal Barrier......Page 1632
INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER AND TRANSCELLULAR AND PARACELLULAR TRANSPORT......Page 1633
PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF THE TIGHT JUNCTION......Page 1638
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL TIGHT JUNCTION BARRIER......Page 1641
CLINICAL DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL TIGHT JUNCTION BARRIER DEFECT......Page 1655
REFERENCES......Page 1659
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE POLARIZED EPITHELIAL CELL......Page 1668
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF POLARIZED TRAFFIC......Page 1673
CONCLUSION......Page 1691
REFERENCES......Page 1692
INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR ANATOMY......Page 1700
FACTORS THAT GENERATE VASOCONSTRICTION......Page 1703
FACTORS THAT GENERATE VASODILATION......Page 1707
POSTPRANDIAL HYPEREMIA......Page 1713
REFERENCES......Page 1720
Sugar Absorption......Page 1726
ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, AND FRUCTOSE......Page 1727
SGLT1 SUGAR SELECTIVITY......Page 1729
SGLT1 CATION SELECTIVITY......Page 1730
TRANSPORT KINETICS......Page 1731
GENETIC DEFECTS OF SUGAR ABSORPTION......Page 1735
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1736
REFERENCES......Page 1737
Protein Digestion and Absorption......Page 1740
ROLE OF GASTRIC AND PANCREATIC PROTEASES IN PROTEIN DIGESTION......Page 1741
SITES OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION......Page 1742
GENERATION OF DRIVING FORCES FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN THE ENTEROCYTE......Page 1743
ENTRY OF PROTEIN DIGESTION PRODUCTS INTO THE ENTEROCYTE ACROSS THE BRUSH- BORDER MEMBRANE......Page 1744
EXIT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION END PRODUCTS ACROSS THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE......Page 1750
GENETIC DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT......Page 1754
NUTRITIONAL, CLINICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE OF INTESTINAL PEPTIDE TRANSPORT......Page 1756
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT......Page 1757
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 1759
REFERENCES......Page 1760
CELLULAR FATTY ACID UPTAKE......Page 1766
FACILITATED MEMBRANE TRANSFER OF FATTY ACIDS......Page 1767
FATTY ACID UPTAKE BY ENTEROCYTES......Page 1768
PROTEINS IMPLICATED IN FATTY ACID TRANSPORT THAT ARE EXPRESSED IN ENTEROCYTES......Page 1769
INTRACELLULAR FATTY ACID TRANSPORT......Page 1772
FATTY ACIDÒBINDING PROTEINS......Page 1773
REFERENCES......Page 1777
OVERVIEW......Page 1784
MAJOR PATHWAYS AND GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL TRIGLYCERIDE- RICH LIPOPROTEIN ASSEMBLY......Page 1785
AND......Page 1790
APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING: OVERVIEW, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AND FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE......Page 1794
OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL LIPOPROTEIN BIOGENESIS: APOLIPOPROTEINS A- I AND A- IV......Page 1796
MAJOR PATHWAYS AND GENES INVOLVED IN INTESTINAL STEROL TRANSPORT......Page 1797
OTHER GENETIC DEFECTS OF INTESTINAL LIPOPROTEIN ASSEMBLY AND SECRETION AND POTENTIAL NEW PATHWAYS......Page 1801
REFERENCES......Page 1802
CAROTENOID AND VITAMIN A METABOLISM: OVERVIEW......Page 1808
DIETARY SOURCES AND FORMS......Page 1810
SOLUBILIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS AND RETINOIDS......Page 1811
CONVERSION OF PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS TO RETINOIDS......Page 1812
DIGESTION OF RETINYL ESTERS......Page 1813
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CAROTENOIDS......Page 1814
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A......Page 1817
SUMMARY......Page 1820
REFERENCES......Page 1821
Vitamin D3: Synthesis, Actions, and Mechanisms in the Intestine and Colon......Page 1826
OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN D PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 1827
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 1,25- DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D......Page 1829
TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM ACROSS THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM......Page 1834
REGULATION OF CALCIUM TRANSPORTER EXPRESSION BY 1,25- DIHYDROXYVITAMIND......Page 1836
VITAMIN D ACTIONS IN THE COLON: ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIONS AND A NEW VITAMIN D RECEPTOR LIGAND......Page 1838
SUMMARY......Page 1839
REFERENCES......Page 1840
VITAMIN E......Page 1846
VITAMIN K......Page 1854
REFERENCES......Page 1858
Intestinal Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins......Page 1864
FOLATE......Page 1865
THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1)......Page 1870
BIOTIN (VITAMIN H)......Page 1875
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC AND DEHYDROASCORBIC ACIDS)......Page 1880
VITAMIN B6......Page 1882
RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)......Page 1884
PANTOTHENIC ACID......Page 1885
COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12)......Page 1886
REFERENCES......Page 1892
Water Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 1900
EPITHELIAL FLUID-TRANSPORTING MECHANISMS......Page 1901
AQUAPORINS......Page 1905
FLUID TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND AQUAPORINS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ORGANS......Page 1908
SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE REFERENCES......Page 1914
OVERVIEW......Page 1920
MAMMALIAN NA+-H+ EXCHANGER GENE FAMILY......Page 1921
GASTROINTESTINAL NA+-H+ EXCHANGERS......Page 1928
PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES OF NA+-H+ EXCHANGE IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT......Page 1939
REFERENCES......Page 1946
MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL SULFATE ABSORPTION......Page 1954
MECHANISMS OF INTESTINAL Cl- ABSORPTION......Page 1955
MECHANISMS OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACID ABSORPTION......Page 1974
CONCLUSION......Page 1980
REFERENCES......Page 1981
Ion Channels of the Epithelia of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 1990
CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE REGULATOR IN CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 1991
CIC FAMILY OF CHLORIDE CHANNELS......Page 1992
POTASSIUM CHANNELS......Page 1993
METHODS FOR STUDY OF ION CHANNELS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TISSUES......Page 1995
REFERENCES......Page 1998
Integrative Physiology and Pathophysiology of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport......Page 2004
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL......Page 2005
REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT AT THE TISSUE LEVEL......Page 2012
ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE ALTERATIONS OF ION TRANSPORT IN DISEASE......Page 2015
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 2017
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 2018
REFERENCES......Page 2019
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR Ca2+, Mg2+, AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE......Page 2026
INTESTINAL CALCIUM TRANSPORT......Page 2027
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF PHOSPHATE......Page 2040
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF MAGNESIUM......Page 2044
REFERENCES......Page 2048
INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION......Page 2056
SYSTEMIC IRON HOMEOSTASIS......Page 2058
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL IRON ABSORPTION......Page 2059
REFERENCES......Page 2063
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TRACE ELEMENT ABSORPTION LUMENAL ENVIRONMENT AND TRACE ELEMENT ABSORPTION......Page 2066
COPPER ABSORPTION......Page 2068
ZINC ABSORPTION......Page 2069
REFERENCES......Page 2071
Index......Page 2074